Respond to the following in a minimum of 175 words:   What are the main differences among individual, consultative, and team decisions?

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Respond to the following in a minimum of 175 words:

What are the main differences among individual, consultative, and team decisions?

(BE SURE TO USE YOUR TEXT BOOK TO SUPPORT YOUR RESPONSE TO THIS DISCUSSION QUESTION).

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Knowing Who to Involve

In practice, good organizational decisions are made by individuals acting alone, by individuals consulting with others, and by people working together in teams.27 In true contingency fashion, no one option is always superior to the others; who participates and how decisions are to be made should reflect the issues at hand.28

When individual decisions, also called authority decisions, are made, the manager or team leader uses information gathered and decides what to do without involving others. This decision method assumes that the decision maker is an expert on the problem at hand. In consultative decisions, by contrast, inputs are gathered from other persons and the decision maker uses this information to arrive at a final choice. In team decisions, group members work together to make the final choice, hopefully by consensus or unanimity.

 

Individual decisions , or authority decisions, are made by one person on behalf of the team.

Consultative decisions are made by one individual after seeking input from or consulting with members of a group.

Team decisions are made by all members of the team.

Consultative and team decisions are recommended by this model when the leader lacks sufficient expertise and information to solve this problem alone; the problem is unclear and help is needed to clarify the situation; acceptance of the decision and commitment by others are necessary for implementation; and adequate time is available to allow for true participation. By contrast, authority decisions work best when team leaders have the expertise needed to solve the problem; they are confident and capable of acting alone; others are likely to accept and implement the decision they make; and little or no time is available for discussion. When problems must be resolved immediately, the authority decision made by the team leader may be the only option.

In-text citation

(Uhl-Bien, Osborn, & Schermherhorn, 2014, p. 203)

Reference

Uhl-Bien, M., Osborn, R. N., & Schermherhorn, J. R. (2014). Organizational Behavior (13th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN: 9781118517376

Which act provides sweeping new legal protection for employees who report possible securities fraud making it unlawful for companies to “discharge, demote, suspend, threaten, harass, or in any other manner discriminate against” them?

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Unit 3 Exam BAM 530 Business Ethics

Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)
1. The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility originated in which time period?
a. 1920’s and 1930’s
b. 19th Century
c. 1980’s and 1990’s
d. 1960’s and 1970’s
2. Worldwide, about ___________ percent of businesses in the private sector are small or medium sized.
a. 80
b. 85
c. 90
d. 99
3. The generally accepted definition of a small business is one with ____________ or fewer employees.
a. 10
b. 20
c. 25
d. 50
4. The generally accepted definition of a medium business is one with _____________ or fewer employees.
a. 50
b.100
c. 200
d. 250
5. In the United States, small or medium sized businesses provide over ___________ percent of total employment.
a. 25
b. 40
c. 50
d. 75

6. Owners of stock in a corporation are only liable for ____________.
a. the amount they have invested in the company’s stock
b. their personal assets
c. the amount they have invested in the company’s stock and their personal assets
d. none of the above.

7. A ____________ of an issue consists of weighing and balancing all of the competing demands on a firm by each of those who have a claim on it.
a. stakeholder analysis
b. board of directors analysis
c. corporation analysis
d. management analysis

8. The ____________ that corporations must meet is “do no harm”.
a. moral obligation
b. moral minimum
c. moral requirement
d. moral duty

9. In large corporations, the ____________ is/are the legal overseers of management.
a. CEO
b. shareholders
c. board members
d. none of the above

10. The ____________ position is that a corporation can and should be evaluated not only in terms of its financial bottom line, but also in terms of its environmental bottom line and its social/ethical bottom line.
a. Bottom line
b. Double Bottom line
c. Triple Bottom line
d. Final line

11. Triple Bottom Line reporting refers to:
a. using a low, medium and high estimates for profitability forecasts.
b. measuring the impact of the firm on stockholders, customers and employees.
c. measuring the social, environmental, and financial performance of the firm.
d. measuring the impact of local, state, and federal governments on the firm.

12. Corporate governance can be defined as:
a. the system used by firms to control the actions of their employees.
b. the election process used to vote in a new Board of Director.
c. the corporate compliance system used by the firm.
d. the system used by firms to identify who the critical stakeholders are for the firm.

13. The system that is used by firms to control and direct their operations and the operations of their employees is called:
a. Corporate Compliance.
b. Corporate Governance.
c. Corporate Control.
d. Corporate Directive.
14. Which board of directors committee is responsible for the guidelines on how the board of directors should operate.
a. Operating
b. Corporate governance
c. Corporate compliance
d. Guiding
15. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was a direct response to which ethics scandals?
a. Tyco
b. WorldCom
c. Enron
d. None of the above.

16. What is the name of the process in which an employee informs another responsible employee in the company about potentially unethical behavior?
a. Whistle-blowing
b. Purging and releasing
c. Identification
d, Information transfer

17. There are ___________ conditions that, if satisfied, change the moral status of whistle blowing.
a. three
b. four
c. five
d. six
18. An example of a whistle blower whose actions were a form of internal government whistle blowing is:
a. Sherron Watkins.
b. Coleen Rowley.
c. Cynthia Cooper.
d. Lee Iacocca.

19. One whistle blower the text mentions is Cynthia Cooper who was the vice president of internal audit at ____________.
a. Enron
b. WorldCom
c. Tyco
d. none of the above

20. One classic example of whistle-blowing is the:
a. Ford Pinto case.
b. Lincoln case.
c. Toyota case.
d. none of the above.

21. A whistle-blower:
a. doesn’t have to be a past or present member of the organization.
b. doesn’t have to report activity that is illegal, immoral, or harmful.
c. is any employer who spreads gossip.
d. far from being disloyal, may be acting in the best interest of the organization.

22. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act:
a. makes it easier to fire whistle blowers.
b. reduces the law’s protection of employees who disclose securities fraud.
c. makes it illegal for executives to retaliate against employees who report possible violations of federal law.
d. provides penalties for blowing the whistle illegitimately or maliciously.

23. Inside traders ordinarily defend their actions by claiming that they don’t injure:
a. their boss.
b. their family.
c. the government.
d. anyone.

24. Shareholders have the right to know all except:
a. Information on the management of the corporation
b. Trade secrets
c. The companies financial position
d. The companies general plans for the future.

25. Which act provides sweeping new legal protection for employees who report possible securities fraud making it unlawful for companies to “discharge, demote, suspend, threaten, harass, or in any other manner discriminate against” them?
a. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
b. Foreign Corruption Act
c. Economic Espionage Act
d. U.S. vs. O’Hagan

Did the data match the initial predictions? What other plausible explanations were proposed for their data other than what they initially hypothesized?

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You can earn 10 points of extra-credit if you find a peer-reviewed psychology journal article directly related to a specific topic we’ve covered in this class and write a brief 300-word-long paper about the article that addresses the questions listed below. For example, you could use an article from the journal Psychological Science. You must use the PsychINFO database to find articles. The journal article cannot come from a newspaper (e.g., Orlando Sentinel) or mass-circulated magazine (e.g., Time, Newsweek, Psychology Today). Also, the journal article cannot be an article that you were assigned to read for this class (or any other class you are taking with me). Also, the article cannot be one that you used for your Experiment 1, Correlation Project, Experiment 2 or Experiment 3 papers. The rationale for this rule is that you must do something extra in order to earn extra-credit! 🙂

You can repeat this exercise for another article and write a maximum of two papers for a maximum total of 20 points that you would earn if you found two articles and wrote a summary for each one.

Papers must be paraphrased (written in your own words with no direct quotations from the original sources). Also, papers need to be submitted in Microsoft Word format (.doc or .docx). In your papers, you must include links to the articles (they must be available as full-text). The extra-credit papers do not need to be in APA format. Just write your extra-credit papers using single-spaced paragraphs.

If you are taking more than one of my classes, you will need to earn extra-credit separately for each class. For example, if you are taking two classes with me and choose to write papers for both classes, you will need to turn in four papers (regarding four different articles) to get the maximum amount of extra-credit in both classes.

Questions that need to be addressed in your paper:

  1. Explain what the researchers were expecting to find and why
  2. Describe the method used in the study
  3. Summarize the data that was obtained
  4. Did the data match the initial predictions? What other plausible explanations were proposed for their data other than what they initially hypothesized? Were there any problems in the procedures used to collect the data that might have affected the results? If so, specify the problems and explain how you think they affected the results.
  5. Describe one logical way in which someone could follow-up the research in the future. State your overall conclusions.

Describe a tertiary prevention strategy represented in the research study, and explain how it addresses key factors impacting the health issue of the specific population.

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III. Levels of Prevention: In this section, you will describe the prevention strategies used by the epidemiologists in the research study. You will identify a strategy for each level of prevention and differentiate between the strategies. A. Describe a primary prevention strategy represented in the research study, and explain how it addresses key factors impacting the health issue of the specific population.  B. Describe a secondary prevention strategy represented in the research study, and explain how it addresses key factors impacting the health issue of the specific population.

 

 

C. Describe a tertiary prevention strategy represented in the research study, and explain how it addresses key factors impacting the health issue of the specific population.  D. Explain how the primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies differ in how they address the key factors impacting the health issue in the research study.

 

IV. Conclusion: Now that you have analyzed the research study, you will develop a research question to further investigate the specific health issue and population, select an appropriate research design, and explain the importance of the research to the field of public health. A. Using your analysis of the research study, develop a research question to further investigate the specific public health issue and impacted population.  B. Determine whether an observational or experimental research design would be more appropriate to investigate your research question. Be sure to justify your determination.  C. Explain the importance of further research for improving the quality of health in the specific population. What is the potential benefit?