Which of the following statements is NOT true?Selected Answer:The existence of a construct can be inferred from overt behavior.Answers:Overt behavior is observable

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  • CorrectAccording to your text, which of the following assumptions inherent in the assessment enterprise is repeatedly emphasized in the codes of ethics of associations of assessment professionals?Selected Answer:Tests and other tools have strengths and weaknessesAnswers:Psychological traits and states can be quantified.Various sources of error are a part of the process.Test-related behavior predicts non-test-related behavior.Tests and other tools have strengths and weaknesses
  • Question 20 out of 6.67 pointsIncorrectWhich statistic conveys the LEAST precise measure of dispersion?Selected Answer:the varianceAnswers:the rangethe variancethe standard deviationthe semi-interquartile range
  • Question 36.67 out of 6.67 pointsCorrectThe illustration below is indicative ofSelected Answer:a strong positive relationship between the variablesAnswers:a strong positive relationship between the variablesa strong negative relationship between the variablesa weak inverse relationship between the variablesno relationship between the variables
  • Question 46.67 out of 6.67 pointsCorrectA raw score is so called because it isSelected Answer:a straightforward, unmodified accounting of performance, usually numerical in nature.Answers:a straightforward, unmodified accounting of performance, usually numerical in nature.an untreated estimate of performance on a test prior to placement in a frequency distribution.ratio level measurement that has not yet been converted into any sort of graphic form.None of these
  • Question 50 out of 6.67 pointsIncorrectWhich is the MOST appropriate application of a criterion-referenced test?Selected Answer:testing achievement in advanced mathematical logic for a graduate-level courseAnswers:testing achievement in advanced mathematical logic for a graduate-level coursetesting knowledge of basic traffic signs and signals for a driver’s licensea testing program to award college athletic scholarshipsa testing program to reward a company’s top salespeople
  • Question 60 out of 6.67 pointsIncorrectA score at the 20th percentile on a high school history test isSelected Answer:the score at or below which 80% of the scores in the distribution fall.Answers:the score at or below which 80% of the scores in the distribution fall.that point in a distribution at which 80% of the test questions were answered correctly.the score at or below which 20% of the scores in the distribution fall.grounds for termination from a varsity team in most high schools.
  • Question 76.67 out of 6.67 pointsCorrectA test that yields information about a test-taker’s relative standing in a group is referred to asSelected Answer:norm-referenced.Answers:criterion-referenced.norm-referenced.standard-referenced.None of these
  • Question 86.67 out of 6.67 pointsCorrectWhich of the following is TRUE about error in psychological measurement?Selected Answer:Error is an expected component of measurement.Answers:As with other fields, error is synonymous with “mistake.”Error only refers to deliberate misrepresentation of results rather than carelessnessError is an expected component of measurement.Error can be eliminated only by care and vigilance
  • Question 96.67 out of 6.67 pointsCorrectWhich of the following is TRUE of norms?Selected Answer:Norms may be expressed as percentiles, age norms, or grade norms.Answers:Norms may be thought of as expressed as normalized raw scores.Norms may be expressed as percentiles, age norms, or grade norms.Norms should not be expressed as percentiles.Norms are ideally expressed as age norms.
  • Question 100 out of 6.67 pointsIncorrectWhich of the following statements is NOT true?Selected Answer:The existence of a construct can be inferred from overt behavior.Answers:Overt behavior is observable.Constructs are ideas rather than observable actions.Constructs are only used when behavior is not observable.The existence of a construct can be inferred from overt behavior.
  • Question 116.67 out of 6.67 pointsCorrectA trait is typically viewed as “relative.” This means that inherent in its definition, a comparison is being made to:Selected Answer:other people.Answers:other people.people who are totally lacking in the trait.blood relatives.All of these
  • Question 120 out of 6.67 pointsIncorrectA difference between a ratio and an interval scale is that a ratio scaleSelected Answer:has an absolute freezing point.Answers:is considered a unit of measurement.has an absolute zero point.is the most common scale used in psychological measurement.has an absolute freezing point.
  • Question 136.67 out of 6.67 pointsCorrectMeasuring temperature with a Fahrenheit thermometer entails the use of which type of scale?Selected Answer:interval.Answers:ratio.ordinal.interval.nominal.
  • Question 146.67 out of 6.67 pointsCorrectFactors affecting the generalizability of findings from a particular test includeSelected Answer:All of theseAnswers:the wording of items on the test.the norm group used in the development of a test.the degree to which the test administration conformed to the directions provided in the test manual.All of these
  • Question 150 out of 6.67 pointsIncorrectA frequency distribution typically includesSelected Answer:an index of how “popular” a particular frequency is.Answers:the average score and a measure of diversion around it.each possible score and how often it occurs.an estimate of how spread out the scores are.an index of how “popular” a particular frequency is.

· Review Chapters 7 and 8 in the course text, Asking the Right Questions: A Guide to Critical Thinking, paying particular attention to the questions to ask in determining cause and effect.

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Learning Resources

Text

· Course Text:  Browne, M. N., & Keeley, S. M. (2018). Asking the right questions: A guide to critical thinking (12th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

o Chapter 7, “The Worth of Personal Experience, Case Examples, Testimonials, and Statements of Authority as Evidence”

o Chapter 8, “How Good Is the Evidence: Personal Observation, Research Studies?”

Problem/Issue Cause and Effect

Now that you have critically analyzed the problem/issue, it is time to present your findings to others in the course. Feedback from others is useful in ensuring that the critical analysis is on target. Select one of the causes deemed most influential in the development of the problem/issue and post it in this week’s Discussion. Pay close attention to the questions posted by your colleagues and use the information to further refine your critical analysis.
Note: Please complete the Application Assignment prior to the Discussion question this week.
To prepare:

· Review Chapters 7 and 8 in the course text, Asking the Right Questions: A Guide to Critical Thinking, paying particular attention to the questions to ask in determining cause and effect.

·

· Review this week’s Application Assignment.

With these thoughts in mind:

Post by Day 4 an analysis of one cause/effect of the problem/issue you selected. Include in your analysis what happened and who was affected, negatively and/or positively.

Application: Critical Analysis I

 

Note: Please complete the Application Assignment prior to the Discussion question this week.

 

Often there are many contributing causes in the development of a specific problem/issue. These causes may be complex and may involve individuals, institutions, and/or environmental factors, for example. This complexity increases the difficulty in creating a solution for the problem. Thus, prior to developing solutions, there must be a critical analysis of the problem/issue. The analysis must address the many potential causes of the problem/issue and determine which had the most impact on its development. Critical analysis relies on the literature and resources that address the specific problem.

 

In this Application, you will focus on a critical analysis of the problem utilizing the findings from the literature collected in Weeks 4 and 5.

 

To prepare:

· Review the resources you collected and summarized in Weeks 4 and 5.

· Review the questions in the “Critical Analysis Template,” located in the Resources area on the left navigation bar.

· Think about the causes of the problem or the issue you have identified, and consider who or what are the major contributors to this problem.

· Think about the impacts of the problem.

The assignment:

By Day 7, briefly describe, in 2-3 pages, the problem/issue and the problem statement you developed.

1. Identify the major contributors to the problem (who, what) and briefly explain how they contribute to/cause the problem.

2. Explain at least two causes of the problem.

3. Explain at least two effects of the problem.

Support your Application Assignment with specific references to all resources used in its preparation. You are asked to provide a reference list only for those resources not included in the Learning Resources for this course.

What sort of research question would this variable help answer that might inform social change?

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Please read the discussion requirements carefully.

Understanding descriptive statistics and their variability is a fundamental aspect of statistical analysis. On their own, descriptive statistics tell us how frequently an observation occurs, what is considered “average”, and how far data in our sample deviate from being “average.” With descriptive statistics, we are able to provide a summary of characteristics from both large and small datasets. In addition to the valuable information they provide on their own, measures of central tendency and variability become important components in many of the statistical tests that we will cover. Therefore, we can think about central tendency and variability as the cornerstone to the quantitative structure we are building.

For this Discussion, you will examine central tendency and variability based on two separate variables. You will also explore the implications for positive social change based on the results of the data.

To prepare for this Discussion:

  • Review this week’s Learning Resources and the Descriptive Statistics media program.
  • For additional support, review the Skill Builder: Visual Displays for Categorical Variables and the Skill Builder: Visual Displays for Continuous Variables, which you can find by navigating back to your Blackboard Course Home Page. From there, locate the Skill Builder link in the left navigation pane.
  • Review the Chapter 4 of the Wagner text and the examples in the SPSS software related to central tendency and variability.
  • From the  Afrobarometer dataset  found in this week’s Learning Resources, use the SPSS software and choose one continuous and one categorical variable Note: this dataset will be different from your Assignment dataset).
  • As you review, consider the implications for positive social change based on the results of your data.

 

Post, present, and report a descriptive analysis for your variables, specifically noting the following:

For your continuous variable:

  1. Report the mean, median, and mode.
  2. What might be the better measure for central tendency? (i.e., mean, median, or mode) and why?
  3. Report the standard deviation.
  4. How variable are the data?
  5. How would you describe this data?
  6. What sort of research question would this variable help answer that might inform social change?

Post the following information for your categorical variable:

  1. A frequency distribution.
  2. An appropriate measure of variation.
  3. How variable are the data?
  4. How would you describe this data?
  5. What sort of research question would this variable help answer that might inform social change?

Be sure to support your Main Post and Response Post with reference to the week’s Learning Resources and other scholarly evidence in APA Style.

Required Readings

Frankfort-Nachmias, C., Leon-Guerrero, A., & Davis, G. (2020). Social statistics for a diverse society (9th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

  • Chapter 3, “Measures of Central Tendency” (pp. 75-111)
  • Chapter 4, “Measures of Variability” (pp. 113-150)

Wagner, III, W. E. (2020). Using IBM® SPSS® statistics for research methods and social science statistics (7th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

  • Chapter 4, “Organization and Presentation of Information”
  • Chapter 11, “Editing Output”

Afrobarometer dataset

Identify a professional counseling disclosure statement, meeting ethical and legal standards, that discloses credentials, licenses, and certifications.

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After reviewing information about the professional disclosure statement in your text, Orientation to the Counseling Profession, complete an Internet search for the professional disclosure statements described in this unit’s studies.

Now, imagine that you are a fully licensed independent counselor working in the specialization you aspire to, and create a professional disclosure statement of your own. Include general headings such as:

  • Contact Information.
  • Education and Experience.
  • Credentials.
  • Description of Practice.
  • Fee Scale.
  • Client Responsibilities.
  • Limits to Confidentiality and Emergency Protocols.
  • Complaint Procedure.

You may also use the professional disclosure statement you created in the media activity, Creating a Professional Counseling Disclosure Statement.

Post a copy of your professional disclosure statement in the discussion area for peer and instructor feedback. You will refine this statement many times through the years; this will be your first draft.

Response Guidelines

Respond to a learner who has posted a disclosure statement that differs from yours and note the differences. What can you incorporate from his or her statement that can help strengthen the content of your statement?

Review other learners’ professional disclosure statements for ideas on how you could improve your own. Use the feedback you obtain from your peers and your professor to polish the professional disclosure statement that you are preparing for the Unit 4 assignment, Practice Plan.

Learning Components

This activity will help you achieve the following learning components:

  • Compare examples of professional disclosures/contract statement to notice how laws, ethical guidelines, licenses, and professional credentials are noted.
  • Identify a professional counseling disclosure statement, meeting ethical and legal standards, that discloses credentials, licenses, and certifications.
  • Locate Web sites for counselors in your area, and search for professional disclosure statements (sometimes called treatment contracts or counselor-client contracts) on these Web sites.