Discuss some of the methodological approaches that can be used to examine the influence of multiple genes on behavior. Then discuss what transgenic animals are and how they are produced.

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answer these five questions, minimum 300 words per question, no plagrisim.

 

1. Describe the recent finds on the “Nature-Nurture Controversy.” How do evolutionary theory (evolutionary biology and evolutionary psychology) and the study of genetics fit in to this discussion? What are the implications for the biopsychologist? And finally, is there a controversy at all?

 

2. Describe the process of action potential conduction and neurotransmission from one neuron to another, both electrically (including saltatory conduction) and chemically. Describe how a cell fires an action potential and be sure to address which structures are involved in neurotransmission. Discuss reuptake and enzymatic degradation (breakdown) in the context of the appropriate neurotransmitters.

 

3. Trace in detail the structure and function of the visual system from the physical stimuli (light waves), to the structure of the eye and through the corresponding brain structures until it is processed as visual information. You will need to compare photoreceptors in darkness to photoreceptors receiving light and describe how light energy is transduced into neural signals. Describe how the trichromatic and opponent-process theory explain how light of different wavelengths is converted into color information.

 

4. Discuss some of the methodological approaches that can be used to examine the influence of multiple genes on behavior. Then discuss what transgenic animals are and how they are produced.

 

5. What is the medial forebrain bundle? Discuss the evidence for and against its involvement in reward. In addition, review the evidence showing that the brain’s dopamine pathways are critically involved in pleasure and reward.

 

Provide a statement that evaluates which scale of measurement appears to be the most useful for examining attributes in psychology. Explain.

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Instructions:

-Each response to another must be at least 175 words in length.

While opinions and reactions are personal and subjective in nature, they need references and citations for support. This approach reflects knowledge acquisition as well as application and synthesis of content. In other words, always support your work with resources. This is also applies to article reviews and/or reflection exercises…you still must have at least two references….one of which will always be your textbook.  

(Cohen, R. J., & Swerdlik, M. E. (2018). Psychological testing and assessment: An introduction

to tests and measurement (9th ed). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.)

(Peer Post)

Discuss the impact of each scale of measurement on the ability or inability to be utilized on a test being standardized as a norm-referenced or criterion-referenced assessment. For the purpose of this discussion, you may cluster the ordinal and interval scale together. Subsequently, your post will include the following four elements:

  • Ordinal or interval scale of measurement and norm-referenced test.
  • Ordinal or interval scale of measurement and criterion-referenced test.
  • Ratio scale of measurement and norm-referenced test.
  • Ratio scale of measurement and criterion-referenced test.

Provide at least one example that is not in your Psychological Testing and Assessment text for each combination above and describe how the referencing data would be collected.

  • Ordinal or interval scale of measurement and norm-referenced test.

An example of a nominal scale of measurement is client numbers assigned to each of our clients at work. To avoid violating HIPAA, numbers are assigned to each client during attendance checks in the morning. These numbers are used to “label” each client without having any sort of quantitative value to the numbers, rather just allows the center to keep track of how many students are present in the building (Cohen & Swerdlik, 2017). Nominal scales are mutually exclusive and lack numerical significance therefore in this example, there would not be any norm-referenced testing or assessment conducted (Huitt, 1996). The numbers will be used to count the number of clients present in the building during a certain period of time.

  • Ordinal or interval scale of measurement and criterion-referenced test.

Ordinal scale of measurement tells us the order of the numerical values from lowest value to highest value, however, the differences between each value is unknown (Cohen & Swerdlik, 2017). An example of an ordinal scale of measurement is the surveys that I take about my supervisors and their performance. We are asked a series of statements and choose between numbers 1-5; 1 being “do not agree” and 5 being “agree”. When the supervisor gets her results, he/she will be able to identify the truth in each statement from most truthful to least applicable, however she will not be able to necessarily determine the significant difference between each answer. Based on the survey answers, her performance is measured using the ordinal scale and the results are interpreted using criterion-reference assessment (Huitt, 1996). This means depending on what her survey indicates, comparing her performance against a fixed set of standards or criteria, she may or may not get a bonus. For example, if she scores a 4 or higher in more than 75% of the questions, she will get a bonus.

  • Ratio scale of measurement and norm-referenced test.

An example of a ratio scale of measurement is grading an organic chemistry exam and whether or not there will be a curve in the class. Using the norm-referenced test, the professor will determine the average test scores of the class and how students scored compared to the other students resulting in a curve on the final grade of the class.

  • Ratio scale of measurement and criterion-referenced test.

Ratio scale of measurement provides us with the most information when it comes to measuring data. It indicates the difference between numbers, indicates the direction of the difference, the amount of difference, and has an absolute zero (Cohen & Swerdlik, 2017). An example of ratio scale of measurement is criteria of skill acquisition used with my clients. In collecting data, we use certain percentages as scales to determine whether or not the client has mastered a certain skill or can move on levels in a program. For example, if a client independently answers a specific question with 80% independence, he or she has mastered that certain question and can move on to the next. To assess this measurement of data, criterion-reference assessment is used. A client must obtain certain percentages based on a set of criteria that applies to all clients who have the specific skill acquisition goal (Huitt, 1996).

Provide a statement that evaluates which scale of measurement appears to be the most useful for examining attributes in psychology. Explain.

The ratio scale of measurement appears to be the most useful scale in examining attributes in psychology. I think having the absolute zero attribute is crucial and plays a significant role in measuring attributes in the field of psychology because it accurately depicts measurable data; being that in can’t go in the negatives (Cohen & Swerdlik, 2017). In addition, it meets certain requirements with respect to parameters of the population and numbers can be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided making scoring more accurate. There are more methods and options to analyze the data in regard to statistics as well with the ratio scale of measurement.

Evaluate which method of referencing (norm or criterion) appears to be the most useful for examining attributes in psychology. Explain your decision based on the area of focus regarding the test results. For example, identify if it is preferable to focus on how one individual performs relative to others who took the same test, or if it is preferable to only focus on what the individual can or cannot do.

In regards to which method of referencing is best suited, it depends on what data is being measured and tested. I think in examining attributes in psychology such as developmental disabilities and delays, it is best to use norm-referenced testing. Assessing and refencing the scale of measurement for a child who may have a developmental delay requires us to look at a child relative to someone in the same age as him/her. This can help us determine whether or not they are achieving milestones considered to be average in their age range in relation to the rest of children in that age group. Criterion-referenced tests is more applicable in determining whether or not a certain individual has a psychological or mental illness. Because this is something that is not present in all individuals and is not comparable from one person to person, it is more effective to use a set list or predetermined criteria or standards and to use this as reference in assessing the scores (Huitt, 1996).

You can only do exactly what they say. If your child says, “put the peanut butter on the bread,” pick up the closed peanut butter jar and try to shake it on the closed bread bag

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I need this to be in Outline format by tomorrow.

 

 

I had to do this for a lesson plan for four and five year olds.

 

 

 

Tell me what you think:

 

 

 

What You Need:

 

 

 

Bread

 

Peanut butter

 

Jelly

 

Butter knife

 

Plate

 

Pen and paper

 

 

 

What You Do:

 

 

 

Step 1 From your pantry, gather all the stuff needed for making a peanut butter and jelly sandwich; bread, peanut butter, jelly, knife, and plate.

 

 

 

Step 2 Tell your child that you are going to read him the directions for making a sandwich.

 

 

 

Step 3 Your child should tell you, in precise order, how to make the sandwich, step by step. As they talk (ask them to go slowly) begin to build the sandwich. You can only do exactly what they say. If your child says, “put the peanut butter on the bread,” pick up the closed peanut butter jar and try to shake it on the closed bread bag. It may sound silly but it demonstrates that the proper order is necessary for you to understand. Your child must start from the beginning with lots of detail.

 

 

 

Get out the jelly and peanut butter jars and put them on the counter.

 

Get out a plate and butter knife and put them on the counter.

 

Take two slices of bread out of the bread bag.

 

Put them on a plate.

 

Pick up a butter knife with your right hand

 

Dip the knife into the peanut butter jar

 

Spread the peanut butter on one slice of bread.

 

Dip the knife into the jelly jar

 

Spread the jelly on one slice of bread.

 

Close the sandwich.

 

Put away the jelly and peanut butter.

 

Eat.

Explain how you would deal with a situation where your viewpoint on sexuality differs from a client you are working with: Type answer here

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Diversity in Family Functioning Knowledge
Answer the questions below by using chapter 2 (Box 2.1) and chapter 3 of your textbook.

1. Gender, race or ethnicity, culture, sexual identity, spirituality and socioeconomic status are powerful influences on personal and family perspectives and behavior patterns.
☐ True
☐ False

2. Developmental tasks refer to activities or experiences that are mastered at different stages in the family life cycle to enable family members to move to the next developmental stage.

☐ True
☐ False

3. Sexist attitudes (discrimination based on gender) and patriarchal (male dominance) can affect family functioning.

☐ True
☐ False

4. It is NOT important to maintain a multicultural perspective as an HHS worker.
☐ True
☐ False

5. Men and women always have the same gender role expectations within a family, and they never differ.
☐ True
☐ False

6. Understanding families requires a grasp of the cultural context (race, ethnic group, religion, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation) in which the family functions and the cultural norms related to the family.

☐ True
☐ False

7. One way to understand the impact of a family’s cultural heritage on its identity is to learn as much as possible about that specific culture before working with the family.
☐ True
☐ False

8. Men and women from different socioeconomic class experience life never differently from each other.
☐ True
☐ False

9. Culture is shared, learned knowledge, attitudes, and behavior transmitted from one generation to the next.  ☐ True
☐ False

10. Couples who become parents must rearrange the family system and renegotiate the role each plays.
☐ True
☐ False

 

 

Reflection
Reflect on what you have learned this week to help you respond to the question below.

11. Explain in your own words what culture is and how families may have or create different cultures for themselves.

Type answer here

12. Consider someone you know that is culturally different from you. List two traits that make them different from you. Explain why those cultural traits could bring you together or set you apart.

 

Trait Examples

Explanation

 

a. Type answer here

Type answer here

 

b. Type answer here

Type answer here

13. Two people from families with different cultures decide to join into a committed relationship. List

two cultural differences they might have, describe the differences and recommend how they might come to agreement.

 

Explain a cultural   difference

Description of how   to overcome the difference

 

a. Type answer here

Type answer here

 

b. Type answer here

Type answer here

14. Imagine you are a Family Support Coordinator for a social service agency. You work closely with clients making referrals for services and resources to match client needs and you monitor the progress of the service provision. A family you are working with has an older male teenager who is unsure of his gender identity and sexuality. He wants to get a sex change operation when he becomes an adult. The youth is also questioning his sexuality. What type of referral could you would you recommend for the client to address his needs?

Read the article found here. Describe how you would deal with a client who had a different viewpoint on sexuality that was different than your viewpoint.

a. Type of referral: Type answer here

b. Explain how you would deal with a situation where your viewpoint on sexuality differs from a client you are working with: Type answer here