Review and identify the positions that developmental theorists take regarding the influences of gender, and describe what you believe influences gender identity most. Elaborate on your answer.

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Discussion Prompt 1

The Developmental Debate on Gender Identification

There is debate among developmental theorists as to what influences thoughts and behavior related to gender. For example, what influences a child to play with a doll versus a truck, or what influences a child to engage in active play versus passive play? Do we make these choices because of innate desires determined by biological factors, or is it because we have become socially conditioned to make certain choices? Review and identify the positions that developmental theorists take regarding the influences of gender, and describe what you believe influences gender identity most. Elaborate on your answer.

Discussion Prompt 2

Learning Language

Some experts emphasize the importance of adult reinforcement of early speech, others suggest that language learning is innate, biologically wired, while others believe it to be a biproduct of social impulses. Reflect on this week’s video, Out of the Mouths of Babes. Which language development theory does this video emphasize, and how can you tell? To support your answer, provide an example of one of the experiments conducted and explain how it fits in to the learning theory process you identified. What position do you take on the matter of language acquisition, and based on that position, would you advocate that parents read to children even before they start to talk? Explain your rationale.

What were some of the themes he explored? What is his Theory of Forms? Is it necessarily true that pursuing truth with great intensity will result in fractured relationships (with society, with one’s family, with one’s peers)?

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Read the following instructions carefully. Write a paper totaling 2000 words, answering questions from Section A (1000 words total) and questions from Section B (1000 words total).

Please include little to no quoted material in your paper. The point is to get you to describe and characterize the material, not to just import the words of others. If you must quote, just include a parenthetical citation at the end of the quote, like this: “(Author Name, Book Title, Page Number).” There is no need to provide a bibliography.

Do not go significantly over or under the word limit. The word “significantly” here is a judgment call on my part, but in order to be on the safe side, keep it to no more than 100 words over or under the limit.

Refer to Class Schedule for due date. An assignment link will be created on Blackboard and you will be able to upload it closer to the deadline. A late penalty will be applied to any paper turned in after this time. The penalty is: one third of a letter grade deduction for each day the paper is late. So, for example, if a paper is turned in at 8:15 AM the following morning, and if the paper without the late penalty is given the grade of B, it will become a B- due to its being turned in one day late.

Answer one question from Section A and one question from Section B. 

Section A — Answer one from the following options: 

  1. Why is critical thinking so important in the 21st century? Give a rundown of the four characteristics of a philosophical question. What is a thought experiment? How can thought experiments be useful? Construct your own brief thought experiment, as an example, to show that you understand what this device is. Describe deductive and inductive arguments, as well as the properties of validity, soundness, strength, and cogency. What is modus ponens? What is modus tollens? List the 5 fallacies that you think are most problematic. Define and give an example of each of them.
  2. Give a detailed rundown of Plato’s allegory of the cave. What did Plato intend to communicate through this allegory? What were some of the themes he explored? What is his Theory of Forms? Is it necessarily true that pursuing truth with great intensity will result in fractured relationships (with society, with one’s family, with one’s peers)? John Locke made a distinction between the thinker who has the philosophical spirit (the philosopher) and the thinker who doesn’t (the enthusiast). How are these two types of people different? Also describe what Bertrand Russell meant when he said that philosophy brings about the enlargement of the self. Which of these do you think most powerfully communicates the value of philosophy—and why?

 

Section B — Answer one from the following options: 

  1. In the Apology, Socrates gives two arguments concerning death. List, explain, and then attack each argument, making sure to criticize the arguments at various points and in various ways. What is the overall message each of the two poems we briefly looked at in class? How do the poets differ on this topic? Cite specific lines to make your case.
  2. There are two ways to answer the question, “Does right and wrong really exist?” The two ways are: “Yes” or “No.” This question explores the “No” answer. Specifically, I’d like you to tell me what the three options are for believing that ethics doesn’t exist. List, describe, and then attack each of the three views.
  3. Pick two of the four ethical theories we’ve looked at—Ethical Egoism, Divine Command Theory, Utilitarianism, and Deontology—and list the reasons for accepting those views and then the reasons for rejecting those views. Do a thorough analysis of the pros and cons of each of the two views you select.

discuss at least 2 guidelines that were violated and how. Describe how violating these guidelines was or could have been harmful to participants.

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As you have learned throughout your courses, adherence to ethical principles is paramount in the field of psychology. However, many psychological experiments of the past would not be allowed under today’s standards.

Choose an influential experiment in the field of psychology that violated present-day ethical guidelines. The following website (Mental Floss, 2012) may be useful in choosing a study, but you may also choose one that is not listed there: http://mentalfloss.com/article/52787/10-famous-psychological-experiments-could-never-happen-today.

Follow the Rubric attached.

Briefly describe the study. Then, taking into consideration the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (American Psychological Association, 2002), discuss at least 2 guidelines that were violated and how. Describe how violating these guidelines was or could have been harmful to participants.

Given your knowledge of ethical guidelines, re-design the experiment you chose so the same hypothesis could be addressed in an ethical research study.

In all sections of your Assignment, particular attention should be paid to the General Principles (http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx?item=3) and standards for research (http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx?item=11) in the ethical code. Some concentration areas also have their own ethical code, and this should be referred to as well.

Addictions: http://www.naadac.org/code-of-ethics

Behavior Analysis: http://www.bacb.com/index.php?page=57

Industrial/Organizational concentration refer to the APA code above.

Your paper should be 3–4 pages, not including the title page and reference page. It should include an introduction and conclusion, and you must use at least 3 academic references to support your ideas. References must be in APA format, including in-text citations and a reference list.

References

American Psychological Association. (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx?item=1

Mental Floss. (2012). 10 famous psychological experiments that could never happen today. Retrieved from http://mentalfloss.com/article/52787/10-famous-psychological-experiments-could-never-happen-today

Identify one technique/strategy that you could use to address a concern of a client who identifies as African, Asian, Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander.

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In this module, you learned about African, Asian, Hawaiian, and Pacific Island cultures. You learned about cultural values that are prominent in these cultures and about the impact that history has had on these cultures. In addition, you reviewed the impact of historical events that contribute to oppression and discrimination of said populations.

Tasks:

In a minimum of 200 words, post to the Discussion Area your responses to the following:

  • Identify and discuss one historical event that has contributed to the oppression and discrimination of said populations.
  • Identify two of the populations’ cultural values and analyze the way they may impact the counseling dynamic.
  • Identify one technique/strategy that you could use to address a concern of a client who identifies as African, Asian, Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander.
  • Explain why you chose that technique/strategy.
  • Use specific examples and consider the impact of intercultural differences.
  • Consider the institutional and social barriers that impact this population when choosing your technique. Support your use of this technique with appropriate literature.
  • Identify at least one way that counselors can advocate for the populations discussed in this module.

Support your rationale and analysis by using at least two resources from professional literature in your response. Professional literature may include the Argosy University online library resources, relevant textbooks, peer-reviewed journal articles, and websites created by professional organizations, agencies, or institutions (websites ending in .edu or .gov).

Your discussion posts and all written assignments should reflect graduate-level writing skills and appropriate use of APA style, including in-text citations and references.

Submission Details: