Briefly describe the article you found on memory. Explain how the article informs our understanding of cognition and cognitive neuroscience. Be specific. 

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Memory, Cognition, and Cognitive Neuroscience

During the late 1960s and early 1970s, cognitive psychology researchers conducted studies that offered new information about how memory is stored and processed. Findings suggested that memory is first encoded based on sensory data from the environment (sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell), moved to short-term memory, where it can be easily retrieved, and, when rehearsed (i.e., repeated thinking about the memory), moved to long-term memory, where it is stored and can be retrieved at a later date (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968; Craik & Lockhart, 1972).

The basic structural information about memory that arose from these early studies, along with the emergence of brain imaging technology, has led to major advancements in our understanding of cognition and cognitive neuroscience. For example, there is a body of literature on the association between PTSD and memory dysfunction. Traumatic memories are thought to be encoded differently than other memories, which helps explain symptoms such as flashbacks, nightmares, and anxiety. In addition, experiencing a traumatic event and then consistently reliving it through flashbacks and nightmares can damage the hippocampus, the area of the brain responsible for memory encoding, leading to deficits in short-term memory (Hays, VanElzakker, & Shin, 2012; MacIntosh & Whiffen, 2005). Fortunately, exciting new research on neuroplasticity suggests that the brain is malleable and that it is possible to reverse the damage to certain parts of the brain (Kays, Hurley, & Taber, 2012).

In this discussion, you will examine other studies on memory and consider how the findings contribute to our understanding of cognition and cognitive neuroscience.

Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In K. Spence & J.T. Spence (Eds.), Psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 2, pp. 89–195). Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.

Craik, F. I., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11(6), 671–684.

Hayes, J. P., VanElzakker, M. B., & Shin, L. M. (2012). Emotion and cognition interactions in PTSD: A review of neurocognitive and neuroimaging studies. Frontiers in integrative neuroscience,6(89), 1–14.

Kays, J. L., Hurley, R. A., & Taber, K. H. (2012). The dynamic brain: Neuroplasticity and mental health. The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 24(2), 118–124.

MacIntosh, H. B., & Whiffen, V. E. (2005). Twenty years of progress in the study of trauma. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20(4), 488–492.

Briefly describe the article you found on memory. Explain how the article informs our understanding of cognition and cognitive neuroscience. Be specific.

Submit your response to the question to the appropriate Discussion Area by the due date assigned. Through the end of the module, comment on the responses of others.

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Discussion Questions

Submit your response to the question to the appropriate Discussion Area by the due date assigned. Through the end of the module, comment on the responses of others.

You will be attempting two discussion questions in this module worth 28 points each.

Discussion Question 1ImageryDescribe how you have used imagery as an athlete and/or for what purposes you have taught imagery as a coach to athletes. How are the ways you have used imagery similar or different to the ways athletes typically use imagery as presented in this module?

Based on your experiences, what do you believe is the most effective way to use imagery to enhance sport performance?Evaluation Criteria for Discussion Question Response:Described how you have used imagery as an athlete and/or coach.

[4 points]
Compared and contrasted the ways you have used imagery with the ways presented in the module.

[4 points]
Described the most effective way to use imagery substantiated with examples from personal/professional experience.

[8 points]Discussion Question 2Mental Rehearsal of Sports Skills

The research on imagery has shown that the mental rehearsal of sport skills has a small but significant effect on the actual performance of the skills. In other words, when research participants imagine performing a sport skill, they typically perform the skill better than those research participants that do not.

However, Moran (2004) pointed out that relatively few of these studies have used athletes as participants.

Most of the studies have been laboratory vs. field experiments or have used simple skills (such as dart throwing) vs. complex skills (such as golf swing), and the psychological mechanisms underlying the positive effects of imagery have not been adequately explained.

What conclusions do you draw about the effectiveness of imagery in improving the learning and performance of sport skills from comparing the literature findings with your experience?

What would you recommend to create a valid study about mental rehearsal?

Evaluation Criteria for Discussion Question Response:

Described conclusions. Discussed your conclusion about the effectiveness of imagery in improving the learning and performance of sports skills.

[8 points]Recommended how the effectiveness of mental rehearsal might be more effectively studied.

[8 points]All written assignments and responses should follow APA rules for attributing sources.

Assignment 1 Grading CriteriaMaximum PointsDiscussion Question Response:

Please see specific evaluation criteria listed below each discussion question.

16×2Discussion Participation: Participated in the discussion by asking a question, providing a statement of clarification, providing a point of view with rationale, challenging a point of discussion, or making a relationship between one or more points of the discussion.

4x2While responding, justified ideas and responses by using appropriate examples and references from texts, Web sites, and other references or personal experience.

4x2Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources, displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.

4×2Total:56

Post a description of the distinguishing characteristics of evidenced-based practice. Then provide an evaluation of factors that might support or impede your efforts in adopting evidence-based practice or evidence-based programs.

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Discussion: Characteristics, Challenges, and Opportunities of Evidence-Based Design

Consider the following quotation: “Often times, potential users of research knowledge are unconnected to those who do the research, and consequently a huge gap ensues between research knowledge and practice behaviors” (Barwick, M., Boudell, K., Stasiulis, E., Ferguson, H., Blase, K., & Fixsen, D., 2005). Social workers must work to close the gap perceived by the authors of this quote.

In your previous research course, you addressed the concept of evidence-based practice. However, it is important not to fall into a habit of using the term “evidence-based practice” without a clear understanding of its meaning. In particular, it is important to understand what standards of evidence must exist to classify an intervention or a program as evidence based. In this assignment, you are to clarify your understanding of the nature of evidence-based practice and analyze the challenges and opportunities for implementing evidence-based practice in your current social work practice.

To prepare for this Discussion, read the Learning Resources that provide information about different aspects of the evidence-based practice concept. As you read, consider how evidence-based practice or evidence- based programs might be used in a social work agency where you work or where you had a practicum experience.

By Day 3

Post a description of the distinguishing characteristics of evidenced-based practice. Then provide an evaluation of factors that might support or impede your efforts in adopting evidence-based practice or evidence-based programs.

Evaluate the analysis presented by your colleague, including an explanation of each of the following elements: the dimensions of completeness, accuracy, and professional credibility of the analysis. Use your research and the assigned readings to support your assertions.

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Week 5 – Discussion 2

1 1 unread reply. 2 2 replies.

Your initial discussion thread is due on Day 3 (Thursday) and you have until Day 7 (Monday) to respond to your classmates. Your grade will reflect both the quality of your initial post and the depth of your responses. Refer to the Discussion Forum Grading Rubric under the Settings icon above for guidance on how your discussion will be evaluated.

 Evaluating Assessment Instruments

Prior to beginning work on this discussion, read Chapter 11 in the textbook, the article by Baez (2013), the assigned chapters in the U.S. Department of Labor Employment and Training Administration (2006) guide (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site., and view the video Psychometric testing and employment. (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site..

For this discussion, you will use the PSY640 Checklist for Evaluating Tests (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. document to compare two assessment instruments used in industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology assessment. Based on the information in your text and assigned readings, select and evaluate two psychological tests used in industrial-organizational psychological assessment. You may not evaluate any of the tests you evaluated in the Week Four Applications in Personality Testing discussion.

In addition to the text, locate a minimum of two appropriate scholarly and/or peer-reviewed sources to aid you in the analysis of the psychometric properties of the instruments based on published data. In your initial post, provide the names of the two tests you evaluated, and attach your completed PSY640 Checklist for Evaluating Tests document (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.. You must maintain the original format of the document and include the textbook and two additional scholarly and/or peer-reviewed sources in the references section.

Guided Response: Review several of your colleagues’ posts and respond to at least two of your peers by 11:59 p.m. on Day 7 of the week. You are encouraged to post your required replies earlier in the week to promote more meaningful interactive discourse in this discussion.

Evaluate the analysis presented by your colleague, including an explanation of each of the following elements: the dimensions of completeness, accuracy, and professional credibility of the analysis. Use your research and the assigned readings to support your assertions.

Continue to monitor the discussion forum until 5:00 p.m. Mountain Standard Time (MST) on Day 7 of the week and respond to anyone who replies to your initial post.