Complete the signal transduction cascade by filling in the empty boxes with the identities of the molecules

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1) The following cartoon illustrates a prototypical receptor tyrosine kinase cascade. Based on your knowledge of this pathway

Please answer ALL questions or I’ll thumbs down, thank you!

1) The following cartoon illustrates a prototypical receptor tyrosine kinase cascade. Based on your knowledge of this pathway, answer the following questions that focus on the Ras GTPase enzyme and its downstream signaling. a) Complete the signal transduction cascade by filling in the empty boxes with the identities of the molecules. [4 pts] out wwwww yman Ras F Grb2) SOS b) In class, we discussed a few mechanisms that lead to amplification of the signal downstream of the RTK pathway. Name one of those mechanisms here and explain how it leads to signal amplification. [4 pts] c) Indicate how the following clinically observed mutations affect signal transduction through this RTK pathway (upregulate, downregulate, or no effect). Explain your logic with 1 sentence. [4 pts ea.] i) ii) iii) Ras Q61L: decreases intrinsic GTPase activity Ras G13D: decreases its interaction with a GAP SOS R5526: increases GEF activity on Ras

 

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What is the difference between Type I and Type III asci?

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Two strains of yeast were mated and formed asci, each with four spores. The spores in each ascus were genotyped at two genes and the following types of asci were identified: Type 1 (AB AB ab ab) Type 2 (AB Ab aB ab) Type 3 (Ab Ab aB aB). 300 asci were genotyped and the number of each type ascus was: # asci found: Type I 32 Type II 75 Type III 193

Are these genes linked? State your reasoning.

What is the difference between Type I and Type III asci?

Why are Type I asci so rare?

 

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Tvm. for this and the next 2 questions: your brother just graduated

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1. TVM. For this and the next 2 questions: Your brother just graduated from high school and is seeking your advice as to whether he should find a job immediately or go to college for 4 years and then find a job. He estimates that if he gets a job immediately, he will earn $15,000 per year for the next 40 years. If he goes to college first, he estimates that he can earn $30,000 for each of the 36 years after he graduates (for simplicity, assume zero growth in income. Also, whether or not he goes to college, he plans to retire 40 years from today.) He also estimates that the 4 years of college will cost him $8,000 per year. Assume that his time value of money is 14%. (If he goes to college first, he can also borrow money at 14%). Assume that all cash flows occur at the end of each period. What is the present value of his cash flows if he gets the job immediately?

2. What is the present value of his cash flows if he goes to college first, foregoing the opportunity to earn an income in the next 4 years?

3. Suppose your brother’s chances of getting a job in the next 4 years are at best doubtful; in which case, you should assume that he will be unemployed during this period. What is the PV of his cash flows if he goes to college first?

David Jones, the new administrator for a surgical clinic, was trying to determine how to allocate his indirect expenses.

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David Jones, the new administrator for a surgical clinic, was trying to determine how to allocate his indirect expenses.

His staff was complaining that the current method of taking a percentage of revenues was unfair. He decided to try to allocate utilities based on square footage of each department, administration based on direct costs, and laboratory based on tests. Use the information in the chart below to answer problems 1, 2, and 3.

Square Footage Direct
Expenses Lab Tests
Utilities $200,000
Administration 2,000 500,000
Laboratory 2,000 625,000
Day-op Suite 3,000 1,400,000 4,000
Cystoscopy 1,500 300,000 500
Endoscopy 1,500 600,000 500
Total 10,000 $ 3,375,000 5,000

1. What are the Day Op Suite’s total expenses?

2. What are the Cystoscopy Department’s total expenses?

3. What are the Endoscopy Department’s total expenses?

Use the following information for questions 4, 5, and 6.

Your hospital has been approached by a major HMO to perform all their MS-DRG 470 cases (major joint procedures). They have offered a flat price of $10,000 per case. You have reviewed your charges for MS-DRG 470 during the last year and found the following profile:

Average Charge $15,000
Average LOS 5 Days
Cost/Charge Variable Cost %
Routine Charge $3,600 0.80 60

Operating Room 2,657 0.80 80
Anesthesiology 293 0.80 80
Lab 1,035 0.70 30
Radiology 345 0.75 50
Medical Supplies 4,524 0.50 90
Pharmacy 1,230 0.50 90
Other Ancillary 1,316 0.80 60
Total Ancillary $11,400 0.75 50

4. In the above data set, assume that the hospital’s cost to charge ratio is 0.80 for routine services and 0.75 for all other ancillary services. Using this information, what would the average cost of MS-DRG 470 be?

5. Estimate the variable cost per MS-DRG 470 using the departmental cost/charge ratios and variable cost percentages.

6. The HMO in the above example has indicated that their doctors use less expensive joint implants. If this less expensive implant is used, your medical supply charges would be reduced by $2,000. What is the estimated reduction in variable cost?

 

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