The chlorinated hydrocarbons

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Q1; The chlorinated hydrocarbons are carcinogenic compounds, which have induced the bile duct cancer of workers at printing plants in Japan in 2012. The chlorinated hydrocarbons have been heavily used as cleaning solvent. The atmospheric concentration may be reached at several thousand ppm at work place. By the way, tap water may be contaminated with the chlorinated hydrocarbons, which are unintentionally produced by a sterilization process by chlorine.
Let’s execute shemical risk assessment for ubiquitous chlorinated hydrocarbons of dichloromethane CH2Cl2 or chloroform CHCl3. Let’s make evaluation of Margin of Exposure MOE of dichloromethane CH2Cl2 or chloroform CHCl3.
To evaluate the MOE, we need the estimated amounts of exposure and threshold of safe (termed by “POD:point of departure”). Some organization opened the Initial risk assessment of these chemicals. Please, find the informative documents for executing the risk assessment of dichloromethane CH2Cl2 or chloroform CHCl3.
The procedure is described as follows
(1) Establish the scenario; assuming the situation and condition of intake the chemicals
(2) Estimate the amount of exposure. This is carried out by finding the informative documents, in which the exposure condition is similar to the scenario.
(3) Establish the POD. The confidence of evaluation of POD is enhanced as lowering the uncertainty factors. And, we should also find the effective assessment documents, in which the scenario is as same as possible.
(4) Calculate the MOE, and compare to the uncertainty factors UFs.

The Q2 is the alternative question of Q1. You can choice whether Q1 or Q2.
Q2. Please, try to verify the reports of risk assessment presented by different organization. This comparative reviewing is also executed to your assessment Q1. Comment on the differences in confidence and usefulness by focusing on the scenario, assumption and methodology.

Make comments on the risks by comparison between MOE value and uncertainty factors UFs. Please, download the reports of risk assessment for the interested chemicals from a number of domestic and international organizations. In these reports, find out the amounts of exposure and criteria of safety. We can obtain the MOE value by the ratio of both values. We can download some reports of risk assessments for the same compound. Make comments on the reasons for different results. It should be easy to analyze the reports focusing on scenario, assumption, methodology.

Risk Assessment of Chemical Substances
https://www.nite.go.jp/en/chem/risk/risk_index.html

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A Bloated Bureaucracy and an inclusive Supreme Court

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Identify a recent decision by the U.S. Supreme Court and discuss the nature of the case and the
basis of the argument the Supreme Court used to reach the decision. Explain why you agree or disagree with
the ruling?

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Effective performance management system.

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Analyze the requirements needed to implement an effective performance management system.

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BEAUVOIR’S “ETHICS OF AMBIGUITY”

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Violence and Sacrifice and the role they do or should play in liberation and/or freedom: [Focus is primarily on Essay #3 of “The Ethics of Ambiguity”, Parts 2 & 3; You may also consider some of the questions posed for theme #2 above]. Questions to consider (you should not try to answer all these questions, but instead use them to choose a thesis statement upon which to build your own argument and to also discuss some aspect of “Ethics of Ambiguity” that is related to the above stated theme: Those sets of questions below in boldface are most central to this theme, but feel free to also select from among the other questions, especially if they are relevant to what you want to discuss and argue.)

What, if anything, justifies violence and why or how and by whom? (What does Beauvoir say about this in Essay #3, Part 3, “The Antinomies of Action”?) Does violence already exist in a society where there is widespread oppression, even if there is not open conflict? In other words, does it take violence by oppressors to oppress other people? Does violence necessarily involve sacrifice (and sacrifice of those on one’s own side as well as the other side in a conflict) and introduce a failure into our undertakings, or do all actions already have the possibility of failure, according to Beauvoir? According to you? What exactly is sacrificed – is it only one’s physical life or does it include more than that? How might that sacrifice be characterized by those who suffer it or whose relatives or fellow members of a society suffer it? Would they be victims or heroes? Or martyrs? Or fools? Might it depend upon whether or not a battle ends in defeat or victory? Might some battles be “never-ending”? Does the exercise of authority or governing itself always presume a role for violence? How might sacrifice apply to both sides in a conflict? You should draw upon either Beauvoir’s own examples or examples from today’s society in your discussion and argument.

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