1. What are some of the elements that lead to the financial crisis of 2008 – 2009? Responses should include at least one current quality reference, and be sure to include the full source citation author/date/publication/title).
2. What “backs” the money supply in the United States? What determines the value (domestic purchasing power) of money? How does the purchasing power of money relate to the price level? Who in the United States is responsible for maintaining the money’s purchasing power?
3. What is our most important current economic problem? Responses should include at least one current quality reference, and be sure to include the full source citation (author/date/publication/title)

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1. Compare and contrast the structure and physiology of systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation.
2. Describe the structure and physiology of coronary circulation. Include a description of angiography, angioplasty, and stent placement. When would coronary bypass surgery be performed instead of less invasive techniques?
3. Describe how autorhythmic fibers in the sinoatrial node of the right atrium trigger cardiac excitation, and how action potentials are propagated in the atria and then into the ventricles.
4. Describe how an electrocardiogram (ECG) is recorded including the number of recording and reference leads. What do the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave represent? Describe what each of the time segments and intervals represent.
5. Describe how: 1) stress testing and 2) ambulatory electrocardiograms can be used in uncover-ing some cardiac conditions. Describe the ECG associated with five medical conditions.
6. Describe why heart sounds can be heard and what S1 and S2 represent. Where and why are these heart sounds best detected? Describe S3 and S4 and why they are not typically heard using a stethoscope.
7. Describe cardiac output, the mathematical formula for calculating it, and how the autonomic nervous system, hormones, other chemicals, and ions regulate stroke volume and heart rate.
   Cardiovascular System, Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics
8. Compare and contrast the structure and functions of elastic and muscular arteries in systemic circulation.
9. Describe the tissue layers and physiological functions for each of the three types of blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, and veins) in systemic circulation.
10. Compare and contrast the structure and functions of capillaries in systemic and pulmonary circulation. For systemic circulations, describe the three mechanisms of capillary exchange.
11. Describe the structures and functions of the skeletal muscle and respiratory pumps in the return of deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.
12. Describe blood pressure measurement and what the measurements represent. What are the normal values for healthy young adults? Describe pulse pressure and how it is calculated. What is the normal ratio for the three measurements?
13. Describe how fetal blood circulation differs from blood circulation in a neonate (and then throughout a lifetime). Describe the change in circulation at birth and what can be done medically if it doesn’t happen

Sample Solution

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