Case study
Patient is a 20 months old African American female who was brought to the pediatric office by her mother with a chief complaint of diarrhea and vomiting for 3 days. Mother stated that her stools as liquid and foul smelling, with no mucous, slime or blood. Mother states that her baby is unable to keep anything down, vomiting after each feeding, including water. Her baby has had about 5 episodes of diarrhea and 4 episodes of vomiting a day. Mother reports that her baby is not feeding well and her activity level has decreased, she looks weak and tired to her . And in the last few hours, she has a decreased number of wet diapers. Mother reports that her last weight at 18 month check up was 24 pounds .
Exam: VS T 37.0, P 110, RR 25, BP 100/75, weight 23 pound, HT 33.7 inches . She is alert, sitting on her mother’s lap , looks tired and cries sometimes during the exam. HEENT: anterior fontanel closed, minimal tears, lips dry, mucous membranes tacky, no oral lesions or erythema, TMs normal. Her neck is supple. Heart exam reveals mild tachycardia, no murmur. Lungs are clear. Abdomen is flat, soft, and non-tender with hyperactive bowel sounds. No wet diaper during the exam. Moves all Her extremities. No rashes present. Her capillary refill time is less than 3 seconds and her skin turgor is slightly diminished.
Possible Diagnosis: Gastroenteritis and Dehydration
Reflect on a this pediatric patient above who presented with gastrointestinal disorders during your Practicum clinical experience. Describe your experience in assessing and managing the patient and his or her family as their primary care practitioner. Include details of your “aha” moment in identifying the patient’s disorder as relates to your class reading and references. Then, explain how the experience connected your classroom studies to the real-world clinical setting.
Class Reading /References
Burns, C. E., Dunn, A. M., Brady, M. A., Starr, N. B., & Blosser, C. G. (2013). Pediatric primary care (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.
◦Chapter 32, “Gastrointestinal Disorders” (pp. 739–788)
•Diagnosis, management, and prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis in children by Parashar, U.D., Nelson, E.A., Kang, G. in BMJ. 2013 Dec 30;347:f7204. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f7204. Copyright 2013 by BMJ Publishing Group. Reprinted by permission of BMJ Publishing Group via the Copyright Clearance Center.
•Blackmer, A. B., & Farrington, E. A. (2010). Constipation in the pediatric patient: An overview and pharmacologic considerations. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 24(6), 385–399.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2003). Managing acute gastroenteritis among children: Oral rehydration, maintenance, and nutritional therapy. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 52(RR-16), 1–20. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/RR/RR5216.pdfRunning head: EVALUATION OF BEHAVIOURAL AND MENTAL HEALTH 1
EVALUATION OF BEHAVIOURAL AND MENTAL HEALTH 2
Journal Entry
Gloria Okoye
Walden University
NURS – 6541N – 1
Prof. Nogueira
06/23/16
WK 4 Journal Entery Topic:Assessment and Management of Behavioral and Mental Health Patient
Eating disorder is defined as the behavioral and mental disorder that is characterized by the abnormal eating habits that may result to serious fatal illness that may lead to severe disturbances and discomfort to a person. Binge Eating Disorder (BED) is an example of eating disorder that is characterized by the recurrent intake of food in large quantities and at a fast rate that often leads to the patients’ discomfort. The psychological result of this condition is usually shame and distress (Burns, Brady, & Starr, 2013).
Assessment and Management of a Behavioral and Mental Health Patient
A 7 year old African American male patient visits the clinic in the company of the father and the parent explained that the child has been experiencing difficulties and discomfort in his abdominal areas such as swollen stomach or a full bladder. Father states that he has no fever, vomiting , bowel changes . He has been current with his immunization and has no developmental problem. After evaluation it is noted that the bowel movements of the patient are normal. On further inquiry it is noted that the patient takes in a lot of food and water frequently. The eating schedule for the patient has not been recorded. During the examination time , I noted the patient opening a candy bar one after the other for a total of three in a span of 5 minutes. After questioning the patient, he showed signs of anxiety and shame and commented that he was tense, his father states that he ound out that eating makes him calm down when they go to the doctor’s office or when he is uncomfortable.
On assessment, he weighes 70 pounds, HT 45.5 inches with BMI of 153.4 which puts him on obese. V/S :WNL
Diagnosis and Medical Goal
I informed the patient’s’ parent that the patient is not sick, but has a condition named Binge Eating Disorder (BED) that is characterized by the patient irregular eating patterns, large amounts of food intake than for normal patient, continuous eating, secretive eating, depression and shame after the eating. The parent affirmed to this thinking that the patient had a healthy eating pattern.
My “aha” moment was when I experienced the patients fast food intake in the form of a candy bar that contains enough calories to sustain a heavy breakfast and snack in less than five minutes. This is when I remembered of the characteristics of BED such as fast and in large quantities of food intake (Hagan, 2014). In addition to this, the patients’ response in shame and disgust and his acute obesity portrayed the characteristic that the patient has an eating disorder.
My goal of treatment was to regulate the patients eating pattern so as to control the behavior and mental health, so in collaboration with the parent, we schedule a calories-based timetable and quantity scheme that he is supposed to take with strict regulation from the parent (Jonovich, 2014). Vitamin additives accompanied the meals so as to ensure that there is no interference of patient’s body requirements. Referral for family group program was set up for evaluation of any underlying depression , anxiety or any other psychosocial issues at this time and to also teach him better way to manage stress also counselling for any deep issues or emotion that child and parents might be dealing with.
Lab: cholesterol , thyroid , BS to check for medical condition that can cause unhealthy eating habit.
F/u scheduled for 1 month for feedback on the eating schedule and goal
References
Burns, C. E., Dunn, A. M., Brady, M. A., Starr, N. B., & Blosser, C. G. (2013). Paediatric primary care (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.
Hagan, J. F., Jr., Shaw, J. S., Duncan, P. M. (Eds.). (2008). Bright futures: Guidelines for health supervision of infants, children, and adolescents (3rd Ed.). Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Paediatrics
Jonovich, S. J., & Alpert-Gillis, L. J. (2014) Impact of paediatric mental health screening on clinical discussion and referral for services. Clinical Paediatrics, 53 (4), 364-371 Retrieved from the Walden Library databases
 
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1

IDENTIFYING A RESEARCHABLE PROBLEM 5

Identifying a Researchable Problem
Janeika Barnes

Walden University

NURS 6052, Section 2, Essentials of Evidence- Based Practice

June 12,2016

Identifying a Researchable Problem

Nurses are essential key players within the healthcare delivery system. Research plays a vital role in nursing in terms of the current and future directions of healthcare. In order for any research to be successful a strategy needs to be in place. The researcher must have specific questions which are answerable as it pertains to the problem in question. Researchers must rely on successful studies to acquire accurate literature in order to provide useful and credible information. This can be accomplished by formulating a list of keywords and background questions. The purpose of this paper is to identify and summarize a problem of interest, develop a PICOT question with back ground questions and identify keywords that will aid in researching the proposed problem.

Problem of Interest
According to (Martha, Karp, Bauer, Raghavan, Terrin and Zwicker, 2012) over 30 percent of women in the study of 500, women ages 25-40 who takes oral contraceptives versus Intra Uterine Devices (IUD) or no birth control are at a greater risk of having a venous thromboembolic event. Venous thromboembolic events can be a life threating medical problem. The risk of these thromboembolic complications can cause serious issues and is very important to bring awareness to women within the ages 25-40. According to (Lidegaard, Lokkegaard, Jensen, Skovlund and Keiding, 2012) studies have shown that thromboembolic complications ranges from myocardial infarction, thrombolytic stroke and even pulmonary embolism.

Studies suggest that before women consider taking any form of birth control whether its oral or an implanted device to be well informed of potential risk factors. Risk factors includes smoking, obesity, and a family history of thrombosis. These risk factors will increase a woman chances of developing a thromboembolic complication when taking oral contraceptive.

PICOT Question1
The acronym PICOT is a tool used to break down clinical questions into searchable keywords (Davies, 2011, p. 75). The acronym PICOT stands for (P) Patient/Population, (I) Intervention, (C) Comparison, (O) Outcome and (T) Time. Composing a question using PICOT is more methodological and provides more of an effective search. The proposed research question for his project is: Are women ages 25-40 (P) who take oral contraceptives (I) at greater risk for developing blood clots (O) compared with women ages 25-40 (P) who use IUDs for contraception (C) over a 5-year time frame (T)?

Researchable Questions.

Background questions are general in nature, they form the foundation of a clinical question (Polit & Beck,2012, p.33). The following are background questions that will aid in answering the proposed PICOT question.

· What are oral contraceptives?

· Types of oral contraceptives?

· What is a Intra Uterine Device (IUD)?

· Risk factors for taking contraceptives?

· Complications associated with contraceptives?

The first three questions are geared towards background information on the proposed problem. The fourth question will identify the population with the greatest risk factors for the proposed problem. Last question forms the main focus of the final paper.

Supporting Literature and Keywords.

Keywords are important terms used to search on a database to enhance a research for supporting literature (Polit & Beck ,2012. p.732). The keywords: Blood clots, oral contraceptives, Intrauterine Device, thrombosis, randomized, nonrandomized, thromboembolic events, systematic reviews, study and risk were used in multiple search engines to acquire information for this paper. Systematic review, critically appraised topics, and critically appraised individual articles fall under filtered information. Filtered resources offered more detailed information, eliminates poorly done studies and asks specific clinical questions and attempt to make practical recommendations as it pertained to my PICO question. Unfiltered resources provide access to randomized control trials, cohort studies and case report. Unfiltered resources were limited in terms of the quantity of information found pertaining to my PICO question.

Summary

Thromboembolic events are serious issues that relates to oral contraceptives. Nurses plays a very vital role not only as a patient advocate be nurses. Nurses are the major players in keeping patients informed about potential risk of any medication. Nurses provide patients with educational tips and resources. The formulation of a PICOT question can aid in a successful high quality research.

References Davies, K. S. (2011). Formulating the evidence based practice question: A review of the frameworks. Evidence Based Library and Information Practice, 6(2), 75-80. Retrieved from https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/EBLIP/article/viewFile/9741/8144 Lidegaard, O.,Lokkegaard, E., Jensen,A., Skovlund,C &Keidling, M. (2012) Thrombotic Stroke and Myocardial Infarction with Hormonal Contraception. NEngl J Med 2012;366-2257-2266. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1111840. Mantha, S.,Karp,R., Raghavan,V.,Terrin,N.,Bauer,K &Zwicker,J.I (2012) Assessing the risk of venous thromboembolic events in women taking progestin-only contraception: a meta-analysis. BMJ 2012;345: e4944 DOI:10.1136/bmj. e4944. Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2017). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (10th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.
Running head: SEPSIS LITERATURE REVIEW 1

Sepsis Literature Review

Student at Walden

Walden University

NURS 6052, Section 2, Essentials of Evidence-Based Practice

Please use portrait orientation for the paper, but place your table in landscape. Find directions in doc sharing.

SEPSIS LITERATURE REVIEW 2

Sepsis Literature Review

Conducting a literature review is helpful to become familiar with a topic of interest. The development of a clinical question is

a necessary first step before searching for primary and secondary literature sources (Polit & Beck, 2012, p. 96). Using the databases

provided by the Walden University Library can be a helpful resource while compiling a literature review. The purpose of this project is

to conduct a literature review and, a synthesis of the studies found. From this review, I will draw, and preliminary conclusions about

the following PICOT question: In the adult population diagnosed with severe sepsis or septic shock (P), is utilizing early broad-

spectrum antibiotic therapy (I) superior to awaiting culture results before antibiotic treatment (C), to reduce mortality rate (O) during

inpatient hospitalization (T)?

Current State of Knowledge

The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) recently held a consensus to redefine sepsis and septic shock. The

redefinition of terms stems from advances in diagnostics and the need to clarify and simplify the stages of sepsis. The following are

the definitions proposed by JAMA:

 Sepsis: “Life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection” (Singer & et al.,

2016).

 Septic Shock: “Sepsis with circulatory and cellular/metabolic abnormalities profound enough to substantially increase

mortality” (Singer & et al., 2016).

SEPSIS LITERATURE REVIEW 3

Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores are to be utilized when diagnosing sepsis or septic shock. A SOFA score of two

or greater is considered sepsis. Septic shock also has a SOFA score greater than two, but the patient requires vasoactive medications to

maintain an adequate blood pressure for organ perfusion and has an elevated lactate level (Singer & et al, 2016).

More than one million Americans develop severe sepsis every year. This life-threatening illness is frequently a result of a

bacterial infection that becomes serious enough to cause a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Patients that develop

sepsis are usually debilitated and often have other co-morbidities (NIGHS, 2015). The risk of mortality increases if sepsis is left

untreated. Symptoms of sepsis progress quickly from general malaise to multisystem organ failure as seen in septic shock (Leon, et al.,

2013). Studies suggest that one in four patients diagnosed with sepsis will progress to severe sepsis or septic shock (Capp, et al.,

2015). Early treatment of septic shock is essential to reduce mortality rates (Gaieski, et al., 2010).

The Surviving Sepsis Campaign developed and published in 2013 an international guideline for the treatment of severe sepsis.

The key features of the guidelines recommend that patients receive resuscitative measures via intravenous fluids and vasoactive

medications as necessary. Blood cultures are also to be drawn from needed for patients that who are suspected to have severe sepsis.

Furthermore, empiric antibiotics are to be administered within the first six hours of the onset of the symptoms of sepsis (Dellinger &

et al., 2013). The early administration of an empiric antibiotic can improve the overall mortality rate of patients diagnosed with severe

sepsis or septic shock (Ferrer, et al., 2009). Comment [T1]: Are there more than one study that concludes this? If so, cite them

SEPSIS LITERATURE REVIEW 4

Review of Literature Table

A review of literature table (RLT) is provided that provides information related to the early administration of empiric

antibiotics to patients diagnosed with severe sepsis or septic shock. Siddiqui & Razzak attempted a systematic review of randomized

controlled trials (RCT) revealing no current RCT studies (Siddiqui & Razzak, 2012). The study suggests that RCTs of septic patients

would be unethical and that observational studies would be a more appropriate approach to evaluate the relationship between empiric

antibiotics and the mortality of septic patients (Siddiqui & Razzak, 2012). There are, however, Oobservational studies available that

suggest that the early administration of empiric antibiotics to septic patients can reduce mortality (cite a few of those studies here).

MacArthur, et al. conducted an observational study involving 2634 patients diagnosed with sepsis revealing a 43% mortality

rate of patients that did not receive appropriate empiric antibiotics as compared to a 33% mortality rate for patients that received

appropriate empiric antibiotics (MacArthur, et al., 2004). Ferrer, et al. conducted an observational study of 2,796 patients diagnosed

with sepsis revealing a 41.6% mortality rate of patients that did not receive appropriate empiric antibiotics (Ferrer, et al., 2009). Paul,

et al. conducted a meta-analysis of seventy prospective studies that suggest that the appropriate empiric to septic patients significantly

reduces overall mortality rates (Paul, et al., 2010). Studies with fewer participants diagnosed with sepsis were conducted by Gajeski, et

al., 2010 and Harbarth, et al., 2003 both suggesting that the administration of early empiric antibiotics to septic patients reduces

mortality rates. Comment [T2]: Excellent synthesis

SEPSIS LITERATURE REVIEW 5

Preliminary Conclusions

Systematic reviews or meta-analysis of RCTs summarize and provide a high-quality synthesis of multiple RCTs and are

considered a gold standard in research (Polit & Beck, 2012, p. 30). Observational studies and reviews lack the randomization of

groups found in RCTs. and They are prospective in design thus decreasing the risk of unethical research. The utilization of a

prospective design was consistent with all the studies in the RLT. The observational studies provided in the RLT represent a small

group of patients, but there are significant findings suggest that the administration of early empiric antibiotics to septic patients can

reduce overall mortality (cite all studies that support this conclusion). Continued research regarding the timing of empiric antibiotics

can provide standards for evidenced based practice that can reduce the mortality rates of patients diagnosed with severe sepsis.

Summary

The purpose of this project was to conduct a literature review addressing the PICOT question regarding the administration of

early empiric- antibiotics effects on the mortality rate of adults diagnosed with severe sepsis. The findings of the literature review

suggest that overall mortality is decreased when an appropriate early antibiotic treatment is utilized for patients with severe sepsis. The

main limitation of the studies is that RCTs is unethical. All studies resorted to observational reviews of other RCTs that included septic

patients who received antibiotics. Further study of the type and timing of the administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics to septic

patients’ needs to be evaluated. Comment [T3]: patients

SEPSIS LITERATURE REVIEW 6

References

Capp, R., Horton, C., Takhar, S., Ginde, A., Peak, D., Zane, R., & Marill, K. (2015). Predictors of patients who present to the

emergency department with sepsis and progress to septic shock between 4 and 48 hours of emergency department arrival.

Critical Care Medicine, 43(5), 983-988. Retrieved from

http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/ehost/detail/detail?vid=7&sid=ae3fe6e6-bd00-4cd7-b645-

27af89d436eb%40sessionmgr111&hid=125&bdata=JnNjb3BlPXNpdGU%3d#AN=25668750&db=mnh

Dellinger, P., & et al. (2013). International guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012. Critical Care Medicine

Journal, 41(2), 580-637. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31827e83af

Ferrer, R., Artigas, A., Suarez, D., Palencia, E., Levy, M., Arenzana, A., . . . Sirvent, J. (2009). Effectiveness of treatments for severe

sepsis. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 180(9), 861-866. doi:10.1164/rccm.200812-19120C

Gaieski, D., Mikkelsen, M., Band, R., Pines, J., Massone, R., Furia, F., . . . Goyal, M. (2010). Impact of time to antibiotics on survival

in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock in whom early goal-directed therapy was initiated in the emergency department.

Society of Critical Care Medicine, 38(4), 1045-1053. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181cc4824

Harbarth, S., Garbino, J., Pugin, J., Romand, J., Lew, D., & Pittet, D. (2003). Inappropriate initial antimicrobial therapy and its effect

on survival in a clinical trial of immunomodulating therapy for severe sepsis. The American Journal of Medicine, 115(7), 529-

535. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.07.005

SEPSIS LITERATURE REVIEW 7

Leon, A., Hoyos, N., Barrera, L., Rosa, G., Dennis, R., Duenas, C., . . . Jaimes, F. (2013). Clinical course of sepsis, severe sepsis, and

septic shock in a cohort of infected patients from ten Colombian hospitals. BMC Infectious Diseases, 1-9. Retrieved from

http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=9&sid=8d0ed0c2-8f30-431c-8884-

77b4d709fa82%40sessionmgr102&hid=125

MacArthur, R., miller, M., Albertson, T., Panacek, E., Johnson, D., Teoh, L., & Barchuk, W. (2004). Adequacy of early empiric

antibiotic treatment and survival in severe sepsis: Experience from the MONARCS trial. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 38(2),

284-288. doi:10.1086/379825

NIGHS. (2015). Sepsis fact sheet. Retrieved from National Institute of General Medical Sciences:

https://www.nigms.nih.gov/Education/pages/factsheet_sepsis.aspx

Paul, M., Shani, V., Muchtar, E., Kariv, G., Eyal, R., & Leibovici, L. (2010). Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of

appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy of sepsis. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 54(11), 4851-4863.

doi:10.1128.AAC.00627-10

Polit, D., & Beck, C. (2012). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (Laureate Education, Inc.,

custom ed.). Philidelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Siddiqui, S., & Razzak, J. (2012). Early versus late pre-intensive care unit admission broad spectrum antibiotics for severe sepsis in

adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007081.pub2

Comment [T4]: I know this physician

SEPSIS LITERATURE REVIEW 8

Singer, M., & et al. (2016). The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). The Journal of the

American Medical Association, 315(8), 801-810. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.0287

Review of Literature Table

Citation Type of Study

Design Type

Framework/Theory

Setting Key Concepts/Variables

Findings Hierarchy of Evidence Level

(Ferrer, et al., 2009) Type of Study:

Observational Design Type:

Prospective,

multicenter Framework/Theory:

Setting: 2,796 adult septic patients in 77 intensive care units were studied to determine the

Concepts: Independent Variable: Early administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics Dependent Variable: mortality

Findings of this study show that 41.6% of the patients analyzed died before hospital discharge. The study suggests that there is a decreased risk of mortality with the use of the early administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics.

Level IV

SEPSIS LITERATURE REVIEW 9

None listed effectiveness of treatments recommende d by sepsis guidelines.

Controlled Variable: Patients diagnosed with severe sepsis or septic shock

(Gaieski, et al., 2010) Type of Study: Observational

Design Type: Single-center cohort study

Framework/Theory: None listed

261 patients diagnosed with severe sepsis or septic shock in one emergency department from 2005- 2006

Concepts: Effects of the timing of antibiotics on mortality.

Independent Variable: EGDT, timing of antibiotics

Dependent Variable: Mortality

Controlled Variable: Patient with severe sepsis or septic shock

There were significant findings to suggest that the early administration of appropriate antibiotics reduces the incidence of mortality. Patients receiving appropriate antibiotics under I hour had a mortality rate of 25% vs. 38.5% mortality rate for septic patients that did not receive an appropriate antibiotic within 1 hour.

Level IV

(Harbarth, et al., 2003) Type of Study:

Observational

Design Type:

Cohort

Framework/Theory: None listed

Setting: 904 patients diagnosed with sepsis were evaluated for the effect of inappropriate versus appropriate antibiotic administratio n related to mortality.

Concepts: Evaluate the effectiveness of the administration of inappropriate antibiotics related to the prognosis of septic patients. Independent Variable: Adequate antibiotics, inadequate antibiotics Dependent Variable: Mortality

Controlled Variable: Patients diagnosed

Findings of this study suggest that septic patients who received inadequate antibiotics had increased rates of mortality. The mortality rate of septic patients who received adequate antibiotics was 24% versus 39% mortality for patients who did not receive adequate antibiotics.

Level IV

SEPSIS LITERATURE REVIEW 10

with sepsis

(MacArthur, et al., 2004) Type of Study: Observational Design Type: Prospective Framework/Theory: None listed

Setting: 2634 patients were enrolled to determine mortality rate of patients receiving adequate antibiotics versus inadequate antibiotics

Concepts: Evaluation of the effectiveness of the administration of appropriate antibiotics in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock on the mortality rate within twenty-eight days

Independent Variable: adequate antibiotics, inadequate antibiotics Dependent Variable: Mortality at twenty- eight days Controlled Variable: Patients diagnosed with sepsis

Septic patients who received appropriate antibiotic treatment was 33% and a 43% mortality rate in septic patients who received inadequate antibiotics The significant findings of this trial conclude that the use of appropriate antibiotic therapy decreases the mortality rate in patients with suspected sepsis.

Level IV

(Paul, et al., 2010) Type of Study: Systematic Review

Design Type: Prospective, cohort

Framework/Theory: None listed

Setting: Meta- analysis of seventy prospective studies

Concepts: Analysis of the effects of appropriate timing of empirical antibiotics on the mortality in septic patients. Independent Variable: Appropriate empirical antibiotics, inappropriate antibiotics Dependent Variable: Mortality

The findings of this study suggest that the use of appropriate empirical antibiotics can significantly reduce mortality among patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. Mortality rate was found to be 34% in septic patients that did not receive adequate antibiotics.

Level III

SEPSIS LITERATURE REVIEW 11

Controlled Variable:

Patients diagnosed with severe sepsis or septic shock.

(Siddiqui & Razzak, 2012)

Type of Study: Systematic Review

Design Type: Review of RCTs

Framework/Theory: None listed

Review of RCTs for patients with severe sepsis of septic shock, timing of broad- spectrum antibiotics

Concepts: The outcome assessment of patients receiving early versus late antibiotic administration.

Independent Variable: Timing of antibiotic administration

Dependent Variable: Mortality

Controlled Variable: Patient diagnosed with severe sepsis or septic shock

There were no studies that fit the criteria to satisfy this study. The authors of this study do, however, feel that randomizing critically ill patients can be unethical and that observational cohort studies would be more appropriate.

Level I

Comment [T5]: This sentence is unclear

 

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