Why does teen pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases remain high in the U.S.

What can  healthcare providers do that decrease the rate of teen pregnancy and STD’s in the US?

* These questions should be researched and incorporated in the body of the paper and answered.

This is my introduction already done.

Adolescent Sex

Teen pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases continue to be an important healthcare issue in the 20^th century.  Although teen pregnancy rates have dropped there are still concerns and healthcare problems that are associated with teen pregnancy.   Often times they are afraid to discuss sex with their parents and deny will deny being sexually active at all.  There are problems that manifest with adolescent pregnancy for the mother and often times the infants as well.  The high school drop out rate among pregnant high school students is approximated at about 70 percent and is cited as the number reason teens drop out prior to graduation.  There is also an estimated $7 billion revenue cost associated with teen pregnancy in the United States alone.  The risk of young people engaging in early sexual intercourse is largely due to the lack of sexual education, peer pressure and social influences.

Chlamydial infection, gonorrhea, HIV/AIDS, primary and secondary syphilis, and hepatitis B virus infection are amid the highest reported STDs with chlamydia noted as the most dominate which is likely due to the fact that there is more vigorous testing.  Some of the other noted STDs are genital herpes, trichomoniasis, Chancroid, and HPV.  Often times and without any signs or symptoms present more than one pathogen is involved with sexually transmitted diseases. Typically the only environments in which there remain viable pathogens is the bodily fluids from the genitourinary tract requiring there to be intimate contact for them to be acquired.

Although it affects men and women chlamydia is predominately seen in young women and is the most common nationally known sexually transmitted disease in the U.S.  Bodily fluids from the genitourinary tract are typically the environments in which there remain viable pathogens, so intimate contact is generally required to obtain STDs.  Chlamydia infections are asymptomatic in most women and can be transmitted during childbirth with the potential of a newborn developing pneumonia as a complication.  If it is not treated chlamydia can spread to the uterus and fallopian tube creating further health problems and permanent damage to the reproductive system.

Teaching abstinence is the most affective way to prevent pregnancy and STDs but sexuality and curiosity of sex begins at a young age and exploration into sexuality is a natural part of personal development.  I feel it is our  role and responsibility as healthcare providers to provide adolescents and teens with the information and risk factors involved with having sex.  They need to be educated on contraceptives, pregnancy and STD prevention.

There is an urgent need for programs that adequately addresses the impacts of peer groups, social norms and the influences they have on an adolescents decision about having sex (Kalmuss, Davidson, Cohall, Laraque, & Cassell, 2011).  Evidence from the literature indicates that engaging in a comprehensive sex education which teaches both abstinence and contraception could lead to delayed initiation of and frequency of sex, a decrease in the number of partners and an increase in the use of contraception which may also lead to a reduction of adolescent and teen pregnancy (Basch, 2011).Providing such knowledge about pregnancy, sex, contraceptive use and STD will also provide a foundation and direction in making responsible choices.

2.  Building on what you wrote in Part 1 last week, locate, read, and write about the research and findings in two articles about your topic. These articles should have been published in the past two years in refereed nursing journals. Your paper should analyze, compare, and contrast the authors’ hypotheses, methods, and findings. In addition, you need to make revisions to Part 1 based on the feedback from your instructor, your readings, and/or discussions in class.

• Part 3: Synthesis of literature and proposal
• Part 4: Editing as needed and submission of the completed paper

For Part 3 of the research review paper, you will do a synthesis of the literature and create a research proposal.

Before you begin, review the overall assignment instructions from Weeks 1 and 2. Revise Parts 1 and 2 of your paper, as needed, on the basis of instructor feedback, new knowledge acquired in class, or discussion questions and/or additional readings.

Part 3 will probably be the most challenging part of the assignment, so allow yourself plenty of time to think about what you’ve read and develop an argument for further research. Using the knowledge gained from work on Parts 1 and 2, identify one research question that has not been investigated previously or that you would address in a different way than you’ve read about so far. This is sometimes known as gap analysis, in that you are looking for a gap in the existing body of knowledge where new research would contribute to an understanding of the issue in a way that could improve clinical practice for the nurse practitioner and improve patient outcomes.

Your research question must be clearly related to Parts 1 and 2. Be sure to state this clearly as a research question. Explain why you think this is a gap in existing research (relate directly to published research), its clinical relevance (why you think your specific research question is an important area to explore), and your ideas about research design (how you would conduct research to investigate it). Include a discussion of whether your question would lend itself to a quantitative, qualitative, or mixed design; why; and how you might be able to acquire participants for the study.

APA style with research less than 2 years old.

 

 Revison of 1st part with the questions inside the introduction and the litature research due by Tuesday at 9pm

Incorporated and resubmitted revisions to Part 1 with Part 2.
Selected articles appropriate to the topic identified in Part 1 and as per the criteria defined in the assignment.
Ensured the paper summarizes selected authors’ hypotheses, methods, and findings.	1
Ensured the paper follows APA format and is written creatively in the student’s own words.

 Research part:

Clearly discussed the clinical significance.
Accurately summarized prior research.
Clearly defined the gap in research leading to your proposed research question.
Clearly stated your research question.
Ensured that your suggestions for methods are rational, doable, and appropriate for the proposed question.
Ensured that the paper is well organized and well written and demonstrates significant development in your ability to think and write from initial submission. Properly followed APA format.

 

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Mr. Carter is the manager of Simmons Farm and Seed Company, a wholesaler of fertilizer, seed, and other farm supplies. The company has been successful in recent years primarily because of great customer service—flexible credit terms, customized orders (quantities, seed mix, etc.), and on-time delivery, among others. Global Agricultural Products, Inc., Simmons’ parent corporation, has informed Mr. Carter that his budgeted net income for the coming year will be $120,000. The budget was based on data for the prior year and Mr. Carter’s belief that there would be no significant changes in revenues and expenses for the coming period.

After the determination of the budget, Carter received notice from Simmons’ principal shipping agent that it was about to increase its rates by 10%. This carrier handles 90% of Simmons’ total shipping volume. Paying the increased rate will result in failure to meet the budgeted income level, and Mr. Carter is understandably reluctant to allow that to happen. He is considering two alternatives. First, it is possible to use another carrier whose rates are 5% less than the old carrier’s original rate. The old carrier, however, is a subsidiary of a major customer; shifting to a new carrier will almost certainly result in loss of that customer and sales amounting to $70,000.

Assume that prior to the recent rate increase, the shipping costs of the principal carrier and the other carriers were the same, and that costs of the other carriers are not expected to change.

As a second alternative, Simmons can purchase its own trucks thereby reducing its shipping costs to 85% of the original rate. The new trucks would have an expected life of 10 years, no salvage value and would be depreciated on a straight line basis. Related fixed costs excluding depreciation would be $2,000. Assume that if Simmons purchases the trucks, Simmons will replace the principal shipper and the other shippers.

Following are data from the prior year:

Sales …………………………………………………… Variable costs (excluding shipping) ……….. Shipping costs ……………………………………… Fixed costs …………………………………………..

REQUIRED:

$1,500,000 1,095,000 135,000 150,000

1. Using cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis and the data provided, determine the maximum amount that Mr. Carter can pay for the trucks and still expect to attain budgeted net income.

2. At what price for the truck would Mr. Carter be indifferent between purchasing the new trucks and using a new carrier?

3. Mr. Carter has decided to use a new carrier, but now is worried its apparent lack of reliability may adversely affect sales volume. Determine the dollar amount of sales that Simmons can lose because of lack of reliability before any benefit from switching carriers is lost completely.

4. Describe what you think is the competitive strategy of Simmons Farm and Seed Company. What should be the strategy? How would the use of a new carrier affect the strategy?

5. Can Mr. Carter use value chain analysis to improve the profits of Simmons Farm and Seed Company? If so, explain how briefly.

 

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