Reasons we make art as it relates to the gates, what does art bring t one’s life, how do you feel about this type of art?

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Reasons we make art as it relates to the gates, what does art bring t one’s life, how do you feel about this type of art? 

 

 

 

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boolean and bayesian scenarios with explanation

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This semester we examined two common techniques for representing, organizing, retrieving, and filtering information:

  • the deductive Boolean logic of classes and their combinations, and
  • the inductive Bayesian logic of probabilities conditioned on past events.

As Bernhard Rieder observed, each of these techniques “implies a particular way of doing things” but can “be applied to a wide array of domains.”

For example, Boolean logic can be applied to classify and filter scientific articles, works of choreography, consumer products, or potential romantic partners, if one can come up with a way to represent these things as belonging to classes defined by necessary and sufficient properties.

Likewise, Bayesian logic can be applied to these same domains and many others, if one can represent these things as having quantified properties suitable for training a statistical model. In either case, for any particular domain of application, there are “many decisions to be made concerning the units to take into account, the parameters to specify, the tweaks to apply, the outputs to produce, and so forth” (Rieder).

For this question, you will identify and describe two different applications of information classification and filtering. The first should be an application for which you believe Boolean logic to be the preferable technique, and the second should be an application for which you believe Bayesian logic to be the preferable technique.

For each of the two applications that you identify, you should:

  • Describe the application briefly but with sufficient detail to provide context for your argument in favor of the chosen technique. Who uses it, and why? How do they use it? What is the “stuff ” being classified and filtered? How are the outputs of classification and
  • Explain how the technique you’ve chosen could be applied. If the application is the one for which you believe Boolean logic would be preferable, explain how the “stuff ” could be represented as classes defined by necessary and sufficient properties, and how someone using the application would use these classes to classify and filter. If the application is the one for which you believe Bayesian logic would be preferable, explain how the “stuff ” could be represented as things having quantified properties, and how these representations could be used to train a statistical model, and how the estimated
  • Give two reasons why your chosen technique is preferable for this particular application. Again, do not just identify general strengths of the technique—instead give specific reasons why the technique might be preferable for this particular application.

filtering presented or used? The application may be purely hypothetical, or it may be based on a real application that you are aware of. See the next page for an example.

probabilities produced by the model could be used to classify and filter. Do not just give a

general explanation of how the technique works—instead focus on some of the specific decisions to be made for this particular application.

4.Finally, identify one potential problem with applying the technique in this way. What limitations might the technique impose, or what negative consequences might result? One more time: do not just identify general limitations or drawbacks of the technique—instead describe a specific negative outcome that could result from using this technique for this particular application.

Example of a description of an application, like you might write for part 1 above (do not

use this example in your own answer):

The application is intended to help faculty at a large public university identify students who might struggle in their courses. The things being classified and filtered are students, as represented by their transcripts and other aspects of their student records. Specifically, students are classified as prepared or unprepared for particular courses. Faculty see these classifications on their course rosters. They can use this information to decide who will be allowed to register for the course, or to determine which students may need extra attention during the semester.

 

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Econ Case Study 19887981

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When taxes induce people to change their behavior—such as inducing Jane to buy less pizza—the taxes cause deadweight losses and make the allocation of resources less efficient. As we have already seen, much government revenue comes from the individual income tax in many countries. In a case study in Chapter 8, we discussed how this tax discourages people from working as hard as they otherwise might. Another inefficiency caused by this tax is that it discourages people from saving.

Consider a person 25 years’ old who is considering saving $1,000. If he puts this money in a savings account that earns 8 percent and leaves it there, he would have $21,720 when he retires at age 65. Yet if the government taxes one-fourth of his interest income each year, the effective interest rate is only 6 percent. After 40 years of earning 6 percent, the $1,000 grows to only $10,290, less than half of what it would have been without taxation. Thus, because interest income is taxed, saving is much less attractive.

Some economists advocate eliminating the current tax system’s disincentive toward saving by changing the basis of taxation. Rather than taxing the amount of income that people earn, the government could tax the amount that people spend.

Under this proposal, all income that is saved would not be taxed until the saving is later spent. This alternative system, called a consumption tax, would not distort people’s saving decisions.

Various provisions of the current tax code already make the tax system a bit like a consumption tax. Taxpayers can put a limited amount of their saving into special accounts—such as Individual Retirement Accounts and 401(k) plans—that escape taxation until the money is withdrawn at retirement. For people who do most of their saving through these retirement accounts, their tax bill is, in effect, based on their consumption rather than their income.

European countries tend to rely more on consumption taxes than does the United States. Most of them raise a significant amount of government revenue through a value-added tax, or a VAT. A VAT is like the retail sales tax that many U.S. states use, but rather than collecting all of the tax at the retail level when the consumer buys the final good, the government collects the tax in stages as the good is being produced (that is, as value is added by firms along the chain of production). Various U.S. policymakers have proposed that the tax code move further in direction of taxing consumption rather than income. In 2005, economist Alan Greenspan, then Chairman of the Federal Reserve, offered this advice to a presidential commission on tax reform: “As you know, many economists believe that a consumption tax would be best from the perspective of promoting economic growth—particularly if one were designing a tax system from scratch—because a consumption tax is likely to encourage saving and capital formation. However, getting from the current tax system to a consumption tax raises a challenging set of transition issues.”

Q1: What should be taxed – Personal Income or Personal Consumption and why? Provide your opinion based on the case given below. (200 words)                                                                                         [2.5 Marks]

Q2: How may it affect Saudi Economy if an income tax is imposed in KSA?  (200 words)          [2.5 Marks]

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assignment 3 business intelligence and data warehouses 1

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Week 9 Assignment 3 Submission

Click the link above to submit your assignment.
Students, please view the “Submit a Clickable Rubric Assignment” in the Student Center.
Instructors, training on how to grade is within the Instructor Center.
Assignment 3: Business Intelligence and Data Warehouses
Due Week 9 and worth 100 points
Businesses today are extremely reliant on large amounts of data for making intelligent business decisions. Likewise, the data warehouses are often structured in a manner that optimizes processing large amounts of data.
Write a two to three (2-3) page paper in which you:

Outline the main differences between the structure of a relational database optimized for online transactions versus a data warehouse optimized for processing and summarizing large amounts of data.
Outline the main differences between database requirements for operational data and for decision support data.
Describe three (3) examples in which databases could be used to support decision making in a large organizational environment.
Describe three (3) examples in which data warehouses and data mining could be used to support data processing and trend analysis in large organizational environment.
Use at least three (3) quality resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and similar Websites do not qualify as quality resources.

Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:

Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length. 

The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:

Describe the role of databases and database management systems in managing organizational data and information.
Distinguish the role of databases and database management systems in the context of enterprise systems.
Use technology and information resources to research issues in database systems.
Write clearly and concisely about relational database management systems using proper writing mechanics and technical style conventions.

Click here to view the grading rubric for this assignment.

 
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