The subject about Venezuela
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We study language in the context of how we think, read, and comprehend and derive meaning from words. But what about language from our social environment? A recent area of linguistic research is the study of language in a social context. From this perspective, language is examined in terms of how people communicate whether in person or on the Internet. People change their pronunciations, grammar, vocabulary, and styles of language for many different purposes. Given that, sociolinguists are curious about how a language is acquired and learned in the context of one’s gender, community and society. Some of these differences are related to biology. Others are related to the social environment and some differences are related to both, for example, do men and women speak different languages in our culture? Can misspelled words on a person’s Facebook wall hurt their employability?
For this assignment, research either the language differences between men and women from a social context, or between one culture and another. Are there differences in their conversational, nonverbal, and cross-cultural styles of communicating? Analyze how knowledge gained from research about language differences can be used to solve problems in social and work settings.
For this assignment, think about situations where you had to adjust your use of language to suit a particular context. How did you change the language? What did you say or do? Feel free to use an example from one of the activities in the course.
In your written assignment:
To meet the criteria for the assignment, your paper should comprise 6–8 pages of content plus title and references pages. You should include a minimum of three scholarly sources. Strive to be as concise as possible and support your statements and analyses with references and citations from the three academic resources as well as any necessary scholarly resources.
Be sure to review the Language and Research Scoring Guide to review the criteria upon which your assignment will be graded.
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Emergency departments (ED) at many hospitals have been overwhelmed in the past year, as more patients without health insurance use the ED as a primary care solution. Wait times in the ED are increasing as more and more Americans are using the Emergency Department for their general health concerns. Across the country, the average ED wait time is now 222 minutes (approximately 3 hours, 42 minutes).
Wishmewell Hospital’s average wait time in the ED is more than five hours, and the board of directors is concerned about this long wait time. The danger is that a patient’s condition may escalate during his/her waiting time in Wishmewell’s ED.
The board has tasked you to take on a new quality improvement initiative to decrease wait time in the ED using the Six Sigma approach.
Develop a quality improvement program using the Six Sigma approach to decrease waiting time in Wishmewell’s emergency department.
The quality improvement program must include the following elements in an approximately 10-page MS Word document:
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Assignment 1 Grading Criteria |
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Described the goals and objectives of the plan to decrease ED wait times at Wishmewell Hospital. |
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Described each step of the Six Sigma (DMAIC) process. |
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Described the key players (stakeholders) who should be members of your implementation team and explained the importance of implementing a quality improvement program. |
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Explain at least three factors that might inhibit the implementation of your decreased wait time program. |
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Style: Tone, audience, and word choice |
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Article Reviews Instructions
Purpose:
The purpose of the article review is to guide you through some of the thought processes necessary to be a savvy consumer of primary sources. This exercise will help you determine not only the findings in the article but also the larger theoretical framework in which the author has placed those findings, the limitations of the work, and the impact it has had on the scientific community. By answering the following questions, you will also have a clear understanding of the development and rationale of the research hypothesis. Finally, this process will also help you learn to communicate your own ideas more effectively in your final paper and perhaps your thesis.
Instructions:
Submit the completed form and a PDF of the article being reviewed. See the example below for a detailed explanation of the required material for each question.
Each article review myst be submitted by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of the assigned modules/weeks.
1. APA reference of the article being reviewed.
Write the reference for the article as if it were in the reference section of your paper.
2. What is the research problem that is being investigated? What is the purpose of the research being conducted?
Provide the “why” behind the paper. Why have they conducted this experiment? For example: “These experiments were designed to explore the role of second order conditioning in anxiety disorders.”
3. What is the research question?
The research question is more specific. What is the specific question or questions the article will answer as a result of the study or experiment. For example: “Are adolescents more sensitive to the memory imparting effects of alcohol?”
4. How many sources are used in the introduction? List each one. Tell how many sentences are written about each source.
Count the number of sources in the introduction and then list them. For each source give the number of sentences written about it.
5. Outline the introduction (Divide the introduction into thematic groups with their own subheadings—and include what information is provided about each source. The end of your outline should point you to the research question and design—these need to be included in your outline).
Think about the introduction as a whole and then break it down into its thematic groups. Be sure to include the research question in the outline.
I. Prevalence and cost of drug addiction
a. Global
b. US
II. Relapse
a. Prevalence
b. Description
c. Cause
d. Prevention
III. Spontaneous Recovery
a. Animal studies
i. Dr. X first described it in rats
ii. Theoretical explanation
1. Initial explanation is….
2. Recent studies suggest that it is best explained in terms of …..
b. Human studies
i. Consistent with animal findings.
IV. Spontaneous Recovery used to explain drug relapse
a. Animal studies
i. Stress
ii. Small dose induction
b. Human studies
i. Stress
ii. Small dose induction
1. Prescription pain medication
V. Research question: Could stress management help reduce relapse in individuals recovering from substance us?
a. Hypothesis of the writers
b. Support for hypothesis
c. Predicted results
6. What are two (or more) theories that are discussed in the introduction? How are they used to motivate (or set up) the research question? Do the authors agree or disagree with these theories?
Simply restate the theories discussed in the introduction in your own words. State how these theories are driving the research questions. If the authors’ hypothesis is correct, will it support the theory or be inconsistent with the theory? You should have a good idea of where the authors stand based on the evidence presented and the arguments they are making.
7. What previous research (not theories) have been conducted on this topic? How do these previous studies relate to the current research question?
Focus on the experiments cited in the introduction. In your own words, give a short summary of what has already been done and then explain how those findings relate to the current research question.
8. Why is the proposed research the logical next step (that is—what rationale and motivation) is there for this research? What hole in psychological knowledge is this study following?
Restate/summarize the authors’ rationale for the research in your own words. How is the current research question a logical progression of the previous findings? Answering this question will require that you think about the authors’ rationale for their research. They should have made a strong case for why this is the logical next step as well as pointed out that answering this question will fill in an important gap in the literature.
9. How is the research question operationalized? (First, identify the abstract constructs being studied. Next identify the concrete way these are being observed or measured. This should include your IV and DV.)
A construct is an abstract explanatory variable that is not directly observable (e.g., memory). The concrete way the construct is measured will point you to the dependent variable (DV). For example, if the paper is concerned with memory, the DV may be the number of items recalled. The independent variable (IV) could be the amount of sleep each participant was allowed the night before the test. Remember that we cannot directly measure many of the constructs that are studied in psychology, so it is important that we identify how they are being operationalized in each research study.
10. What is the research design? (I.e., between or within subjects, what type of statistical tests were used, what were the levels of each variable?)
This information will be in the methods section of your paper. Be sure to provide enough detail to describe how the study was designed.
11. Describe the results (but not their broader implications). Were the results significant? Which ones? Do these support or not support the hypothesis?
Describe the results in your own words. For example: Group X was able to recall significantly more words than Group Y. This finding supports the hypothesis that manipulation Y would reduce recall.
12. Outline the discussion.
Divide the discussion into thematic groups with their own subheadings. This should probably begin with a summary of the results and the previous sources. How many sources are used in the general discussion? Summarize the sources used and how they relate to the discussion and the research question.
13. What limitations are mentioned? Why are these limitations theoretically interesting?
Limitations can be found in the discussion section of the paper. If a limitation is that they didn’t have X control group, then explain in your own words why that is important. Does does it change the interpretation of the findings?
14. What future research is anticipated? Why is the future research theoretically interesting?
Describe in your own words the future research that the author anticipates. Discuss why these studies would be of theoretical importance. How would they further our understanding of the construct or theory in question?
15. What is the Eigenfactor of the journal that published this article? Is it high or low? Do you think that the impact factor influences the quality of the article (or vise-versa)?
The Eigenfactor is one measure of the impact of a journal. If you are unfamiliar with Eigenfactors, please see this website for a short description . You can find the Eigenfactor for your article at the Eigenfactor website . Type in the name of your journal, find it in the list of results and report the EF value. Remember the total of all Eigenfactors is 100 and the highest individual Eigenfactor currently belongs to Science (1.22).
16. How many times has this article been cited?
There are many ways to find this information. Some database site will give you this information or you can go to Web of Science and select a “ Cited Reference Search ”. This information should give you a rough idea of the impact this article has had on the field.
Article review
Name:_______
Topic of Research Paper:_______
1. APA reference of article being reviewed
2. What is the research problem that is being investigated? What is the purpose of the research being conducted?
3. What is the research question?
4. How many sources are used in the Introduction? List each one. Tell how many sentences are written about each source.
5. Outline the introduction (Divide the introduction into thematic groups with their own subheadings and include what information is provided about each source. The end of your outline should point you to the research question and design—these need to be included in your outline).
6. What are two (or more) theories that are discussed in the Introduction? How are they used to motivate (or set up) the research question? Do the authors agree or disagree with these theories?
7. What previous research (not theories) have been conducted on this topic? How do these previous studies relate to the current research question?
8. Why is the proposed research the logical next step (that is—what rationale and motivation) is there for this research? What hole in Psychological knowledge is this study following?
9. How is the research question operationalized? (First, identify the abstract constructs being studied. Next identify the concrete way these are being observed or measured. This should include your IV and DV.)
10. What is the research design? (I.e. between or within subjects, what type of statistical tests were used, what were the levels of each variable)
11. Describe the results (but not their broader implications). Were their results significant? Which ones? Do these support or not support the hypothesis?
12. Outline the discussion. (Divide the discussion into thematic groups with their own subheadings. This should probably begin with a summary of the results, and the previous sources. How many sources are used in the general discussion? Summarize the sources used and how they relate to the discussion and the research question.)
13. What limitations are mentioned? Why are these limitations theoretically interesting?
14. What future research is anticipated? Why is the future research theoretically interesting?
15. What is the Eigenfactor of the journal that published this article? Is it high or low? Do you think that the impact factor influences the quality of the article (or vise-versa)?
1. How many times has this article been cited?
Article Reviews Grading Rubric
Category
Meets Expectations
Partially Meets Expectations
Does Not Meet Expectations Points
Earned
1. Current APA Reference .5 points
Meets all of the following criteria:
Accurate, current APA formatting. .25 points
Missing 1 of the following criteria:
Accurate, current APA formatting. 0 to .125 points
Missing both of the following:
Accurate, current APA formatting.
2. Problem and Purpose of Research 2 points
Meets all of the following criteria:
Clearly states the problem being investigated.
Clearly states the purpose of the research. 1 points
Missing 1 of the following criteria:
Clearly states the problem being investigated.
Clearly states the purpose of the research. 0 to .5 points
Missing more than 1 of the following criteria:
Clearly states the problem being investigated.
Clearly states the purpose of the research.
3. Research Question 2 points
Clearly and accurately states the research question. 1 points
Research question is either not entirely clear or accurate. 0 to .5 points
Research question is neither clear nor accurate.
4. Describe Sources in Introduction 2 points
Meets all of the following criteria:
Accurately states the number of sources in introduction.
Accurately lists each of the sources.
Accurately reports how many sentences are written about each source. 1 point
Missing 1 of the following criteria:
Accurately states the number of sources in introduction.
Accurately lists each of the sources.
Accurately reports how many sentences are written about each source. 0 to .5 points
Missing more than 1 of the following criteria:
Accurately states the number of sources in introduction.
Accurately lists each of the sources.
Accurately reports how many sentences are written about each source.
5. Outline the Introduction 3 points
Accurately and clearly outlines the introduction. 1.5 points
Outline is missing some key elements. 0 to .75 points
Outline is missing several key elements.
6. Theories in Introduction 2 points
Meets all of the following criteria:
Names 2 or more theories discussed in the introduction.
Describes how theories are related to the research question.
Accurately reports that the authors agree or disagree with each theory. 1 point
Missing 1 of the following criteria:
Names 2 or more theories discussed in the introduction.
Describes how theories are related to the research question.
Accurately reports that the authors agree or disagree with each theory. 0 to .5 points
Missing more than 1 of the following criteria:
Names 2 or more theories discussed in the introduction.
Describes how theories are related to the research question.
Accurately reports that the authors agree or disagree with each theory.
7. Previous Research 2 points
Meets all of the following criteria:
Accurately describes previous research that has been conducted on the topic.
Clearly and accurately describes how previous studies related to the current research question. 1 point
Meets 1 of the following criteria:
Accurately describes previous research that has been conducted on the topic.
Clearly and accurately describes how previous studies related to the current research question. 0 to .5 points
Meets none of the following criteria:
Accurately describes previous research that has been conducted on the topic.
Clearly and accurately describes how previous studies related to the current research question.
8. Rational and Motivation for Research 2 points
Accurately describes the rationale and motivation for the studies being conducted in your own words. 1 point
Missing a key element in the rationale for the current studies being conducted. 0 to .5 points
Fails to accurately describe the rationale for the studies being conducted in your own words.
9. Operationalizing the Research Questions 2 points
Accurately describes how the research question (construct) is being measured (concrete), including the independent and dependent variables. 1 point
Missing a key element in describing how the research question is being measured.
0 to .5 points
Fails to accurately describe how the research question is being measured.
10. Research Design 2 points
Meets all of the following criteria:
Accurately describes the design of the studies.
Accurately describes the statistical tests used in the studies.
Names the variable and levels of each of the variables. 1 point
Missing 1 or 2 of the following criteria:
Accurately describes the design of the studies.
Accurately describes the statistical tests used in the studies.
Names the variable and levels of each of the variables. 0 to .5 points
Missing more than 2 of the following criteria:
Accurately describes the design of the studies.
Accurately describes the statistical tests used in the studies.
Names the variable and levels of each of the variables.
11. Results 2 points
Meets all of the following criteria:
Accurately describes each of the results in your own words.
States if the results were statistically significant.
Accurately states if each finding supports the research hypothesis. 1 point
Meets 1 or 2 of the following criteria:
Accurately describes each of the results in your own words.
States if the results were statistically significant.
Accurately states if each finding supports the research hypothesis. 0 to .5 points
Missing all of the following criteria:
Accurately describes each of the results in your own words.
States if the results were statistically significant.
Accurately states if each finding supports the research hypothesis.
12. Outline discussion 3 points
Accurately and clearly outlines the discussion section. 1.5 points
Outline is missing some key elements. 0 to .75 points
Outline is missing several key elements.
13. Limitations 1 point
Identifies limitations and their theoretical importance. .5 points
Missing some key limitations or their theoretical importance. 0 to .25 points
Missing more than half of the discussed limitations and their theoretical importance.
14. Future Research 1.5 points
Meets the following criteria:
Identifies future research anticipated.
Identifies theoretical importance of the anticipated research. .75 points
Meets 1 of the following criteria:
Identifies future research anticipated.
Identifies theoretical importance of the anticipated research. 0 to .375 points
Meets none of the following criteria:
Identifies future research anticipated.
Identifies theoretical importance of the anticipated research.
15. Eigenfactor 2 points
Meets all of the following criteria:
Accurately reports Eigenfactor.
Accurately describes its relative strength (high or low).
Accurately discusses relationship between the impact factor and the quality of the article. 1 point
Missing 1 of the following criteria:
Accurately reports Eigenfactor.
Accurately describes its relative strength (high or low).
Accurately discusses relationship between the impact factor and the quality of the article. 0 to .5 points
Missing more than one of the following criteria:
Accurately reports Eigenfactor.
Accurately describes its relative strength (high or low).
Accurately discusses relationship between the impact factor and the quality of the article.
16. Citation number 1 point
Accurately reports the number of times the article has been cited. .5 points
Some reports of the number of times the article has been cited are missing or inaccurate. 0 to .25 points
Does not accurately reports the number of times the article has been cited.
Total
/30
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