please write two response post to half-page each with two references each
Post # 1
Parent Guide To Specific Learning Disorder
What is Specific Learning Disorder?
Specific learning disorder (SLD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders affecting 5- 15% of school-aged children (Haft, Duong, Ho, Hendren, & Hoeft, 2019). SLD affects how the child effectively perceives or processes verbal and nonverbal information, which comprises not only dyslexia but also dyscalculia, dysgraphia, dyspraxia, auditory, and visual processing disabilities. They thereby have difficulty learning academic skills in reading, writing expression, or mathematics. The majority of SLD occur in the reading domain, yet the comorbidity rate between the different SLDs is high (Haft, et al., 2019). SLD occurs more often in males than in females. If SLD is not addressed, it can lead to poor academic performance, school dropouts, and increased family conflicts (Haft, et al., 2019).
Early signs and symptoms
A child with a learning disability often has several related signs, and they do not go away or get better over time.
The signs of learning disabilities vary from person to person.
Common signs that a person may have learning disabilities include the following:
• Problems reading and/or writing
• Problems with math
• Poor memory
• Problems paying attention
• “Acting out” in school or social situations
• Difficulty staying focused; being easily distracted
• Difficulty saying a word correctly out loud or
expressing thoughts
• Problems with school performance from week to
week or day today
• Having a hard time listening
• Problems understanding words or concepts (Learning Disabilities Association of America. (n.d.).
Pathophysiology –
Why or What caused my child to have a Specific Learning Disorder?
Specific Learning Disorder is caused by something affecting the development of the brain. This may occur before birth (prenatally), during birth, or in early childhood.
Specific Learning Disorder can be caused by any one of a variety of factors, or by a combination. Sometimes the specific cause is not known.
How is Specific Learning Disorder Diagnosed?
To meet the criteria for SLD, a child’s achievement must be significantly lower than expected in one or more of the following: reading skills, comprehension, spelling, written expression, calculation, mathematical reasoning, and/ or the learning problems that interfere with academic achievement or activities of daily living (Sadock, Sadock, & Ruiz, 2014). These symptoms need to be present for six months, despite the provision of interventions that target their difficulties. SLD is confirmed through standardized achievements measures and comprehensive clinical assessments (Shah, Sagar, Somaiya, & Nagpal, 2019). This assesses the child to meet diagnostic criteria; it is essential to get a full history, school reports, and psychoeducational notes. Psychometric testing can confirm a diagnosis of SLD, which includes testing cognitive abilities and testing academic abilities (Shah, et al., 2019). Some tests which can help confirm the diagnostic are the Woodcock-Johnson test of achievement, the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Differential Abilities Scale, and more (Shah, et al., 2019). Each test can help identify and confirm a diagnosis of SLD after an assessment and history are taken. academic performance, school dropouts, and increased family conflicts (Haft, et al., 2019).
Treatment for learning disorders depends on which specific learning disorder(s) has been identified. A multimodal approach is often best, and the earlier treatment is started the better the prognosis (Sadock et al., 2014). Your child may be placed in programs tailored to reading comprehension, mathematical skills, and/or writing skills. Some of these programs may be offered in their school and may require 1:1 intensive, individualized treatment sessions.
Additionally, under the Individual with Disabilities Educational Act (IDEA) children with specific learning disorders are eligible for an individual education program (IEP). An IEP is a legal document reviewed annually which includes the following:
• Your child’s current academic performance
including strengths, weakness, and areas of
improvement and how your child’s
the condition impacts his/her school functioning.
• Statement outlining modifications (Hott et al.,
2020).
post #2
Tourette’s syndrome (TS) is a neurological, behavioral disorder characterized by repetitive, involuntary tic motor movements and vocalization. Though first signs and symptoms are seemingly noted in children ranging between two and seven, some individuals may not display signs and symptoms until adolescence (Schongar, 2019). Signs and symptoms of TS are categorized as simple or complex. Generally, motor tics precede vocal tics and simple tics occur before complex tics (Alade and Maricle, 2020).
Signs & Symptoms
Motor Tics
Simple
Eye blinking
Neck and shoulder jerking
Facial grimace
Tongue protrusion
Complex
Combined simple tics
Touching/smelling objects
Bending/twisting/jumping/stomping
Obscene gestures
Pathophysiology
Unknown cause
Theory: Dysfunctions in the:
• Basal ganglia
• Dopaminergic transmission in the
cortico-striatothalamic circuits
Diagnosis
Dependent on the history of multiple motor tics over a period of months or years and the emergence of vocal tic.
According to Wolicki et al. (2019), the tics are usually sudden and rapid involuntary repetitive movements and vocalizations.
*Must be persistent for greater than one year, although frequently wax and wane
*Age of onset between 4-6 years of age, occasionally as early as 2
*Severity peaks between 10-12
*During adolescence, the tics, both verbal and motor, may decrease
How Is Tourette Syndrome Treated?
There is no cure for Tourette’s syndrome, but there are treatments available to help reduce the severity of the symptoms.
First Line: For mild symptoms, socio-education on the benign nature of tics, should be given to the patient, family, teachers, and fellow students (Novotny et al., 2018).
When the tics are moderate to severe in nature and impact the life of the client, a combination of medications and psychotherapy is recommended. Comprehensive behavioral intervention for tics (CBIT) is one cognitive behavioral therapy, which combines stress reduction skills and habit reversal training to assist the client in becoming aware of their tics and learning to use competing behaviors to interrupt or inhibit the tic (Hirschtritt et al., 2016).
Second Line: Medications-Dopamine blockers or inhibitors such as fluphenazine, haloperidol, risperidone, or pimozide can help to control or reduce tics. Side effects can include weight gain, repetitive involuntary muscle movements, sedation, and depressed mood.
Botox injections into the affected muscle have been shown to be useful for reducing tics.
Antiepileptics used for seizures, such as topiramate have been shown to be effective in some clients.
ADHD medications, antidepressants, and blood pressure medications can also be used to treat any co-occurring conditions such as poor focus, depression, and obsessive thoughts/compulsions.
Surgical Options:
Neurosurgical interventions such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), can be utilized when medications and behavioral interventions have failed to provide relief of symptoms. DBS places electrodes deep into the brain, which are connected to a device that sends electrical signals to the areas of the brain responsible for movements, much in the same way that a pacemaker works for regulating heart waves (Savica et al., 2012).
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