Models for Decision

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Models for Decision
POST 1
BUSI48O15 Models for Decision
Full Time 2015 MBA
SUMMATIVE ASSIGNMENT
Attached below are three mini cases. Write a report to answer the questions in the mini-cases. You should structure your report in three sections, as follows:
1) Linear regression (30 marks).
2) Linear programming (30 marks).
3) Simulation (40 marks).
Where diagrams are used these should normally be included in the main body of your work. If they are located in the appendix they will not have a role in the assessment – examiners are under no obligation to read appendices.
In your report you should describe the formulas you used and critically present the results you obtained. You do not need to attach excel files with your submission.
Continued
BUSI48O15 Models for Decision Full Time 2015 MBA
© 2016
Page 2
Master of Business Administration
MINI CASE 1 ON LINEAR REGRESSION1
Dixie Showtime Movie Theathers, Inc., owns and operates a chain of cinemas in several markets in the southern United States. The owners would like to estimate weekly gross revenues as a function of advertising expenditures. Data (in hundreds of dollars) for a sample of eight markets for a recent week follow:
Market
Weekly Gross Revenue ($100s)
Television Advertising ($100s)
Newspaper Advertising ($100s)
Mobile
101.3
5.0
1.5
Shreveport
51.9
3.0
3.0
Jackson
74.8
4.0
1.5
Birmingham
126.2
4.3
4.3
Little Rock
137.8
3.6
4.0
Biloxi
101.4
3.5
2.3
New Orleans
237.8
5.0
8.4
Baton Rouge
219.6
6.9
5.8
1) Develop an estimated regression equation with the amount of television advertising as the independent variable. Test for a significant relationship between television advertising and weekly gross revenue at the 0.05 level of significance. What is the interpretation of this relationship? How much variation in the sample values of weekly gross revenues does this model explain?
2) Develop an estimated regression equation with both television and advertising and newspaper advertising as the independent variables. Is the overall regression statistically significant at the 0.05 level of significance? If so, then test whether each of the regression parameters
,
, and
is equal to zero at the 0.05 level of significance. What are the correct interpretations of the estimated regression parameters? Are these interpretations reasonable? How much variation in the sample values of weekly gross revenues does this model explain?
3) Given the results obtained, what should your next step be? Explain. What are the managerial implications of these results?
1 Source: Camm et al., 2015. Essentials of Business Analytics. First Edition. Stamford, CT, USA: CENGAGE Learning, p. 187.
BUSI48O15 Models for Decision Full Time 2015 MBA
© 2016
Page 3
Master of Business Administration
MINI CASE 2 ON LINEAR PROGRAMMING2
Round Tree Manor is a hotel that provides two types of rooms with three rental classes: “Super Saver”, “Deluxe”, and “Business”. The profit per night for each type of room and rental class is as follows:
Rental class
Room
Super Saver
Deluxe
Business
Type I
$30
$35
–
Type II
$20
$30
$40
Type I rooms do not have wireless Internet access and are not available for the Business rental class. Round Tree’s management makes a forecast of the demand by rental class for each night in the future. A linear programming model developed to maximise profit is used to determine how many reservations to accept for each rental class. The demand forecast for a particular night is 130 rentals in the “Super Saver” class, 60 rentals in the “Deluxe” class, and 50 rentals in the “Business” class. Round Tree has 100 Type I rooms and 120 Type II rooms.
1) Use linear programming to determine how many reservations to accept in each rental class and how the reservations should be allocated to room types. Is the demand by any rental class not satisfied? Explain.
2) The management is considering offering a free breakfast to anyone upgrading from a “Super Saver” reservation to “Deluxe” class. If the cost of the breakfast to Round Tree is $5, should this incentive be offered?
3) With a little work, an unused office area could be converted to a rental room. If the conversion cost is the same for both types of rooms, would you recommend converting the office to Type I or Type II room? Why?
4) Could the linear programming model be modified to plan for the allocation of rental demand for the next night? What information would be needed and how would the model change?
2 Source: Camm et al., 2015. Essentials of Business Analytics. First Edition. Stamford, CT, USA: CENGAGE Learning, p. 391.
BUSI48O15 Models for Decision Full Time 2015 MBA
© 2016
Page 4
Master of Business Administration
MINI CASE 3 ON SIMULATION3
OuRX, a retail pharmacy chain, is faced with the decision of how much flu vaccine to order for the next flu season. OuRX has to place a single order for the flu vaccine several months before the beginning of the season because it takes four to five months for the supplier to create the vaccine. OuRX wants to more closely examine the ordering decision because, over the past few years, the company has ordered too much vaccine and too little. OuRX pays a wholesale price of $12 per dose to obtain the flu vaccine from the supplier and then sells the flu shot to their customers at a retail price of $20. Based on industry trends as feedback from their marketing managers, OuRX has generated a rough estimate of flu vaccine demand at their retail pharmacies. OuRX is confident that demand will range from 800,000 doses to 4,500,000 doses. The following table lists probabilities for demand values within this range.
Demand
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
Probabilities
.05
.20
.50
.25
Because OuRX earns a profit on flu shots that it sells and it cannot sell more than its supply, the appropriate profit computation depends on whether demand exceeds the order quantity or vice versa. Similarly, the number of lost sales and excess doses depends on whether demand exceeds the order quantity and vice versa.
1) Construct a spreadsheet model that computes the net profit corresponding to a given level of demand and specified order quantity. Model demand is a random variable with Analytic Solver Platform custom general distribution.
2) Using simulation and optimisation, determine the order quantity that maximises expected profit. What is the probability of running out of flu vaccine at this order quantity?
3) How many doses does OuRX need to order so that the probability of running out of flu vaccine is only 25 percent? How much expected profit will OuRX lose if it orders this amount rather than the amount obtained from answering question 2?
3 Source: Camm et al., 2015. Essentials of Business Analytics. First Edition. Stamford, CT, USA: CENGAGE Learning, p. 532.
BUSI48O15 Models for Decision Full Time 2015 MBA
© 2016
Page 5
Master of Business Administration
Overall word limit 4,000 words maximum.
The word count should:
 Include all the text, including title, preface, introduction, in-text citations, quotations, footnotes and any other items not specifically excluded below.
 Exclude diagrams, tables (including tables/lists of contents and figures), equations, executive summary/abstract, acknowledgements, declaration, bibliography/list of references and appendices. However, it is not appropriate to use diagrams or tables merely as a way of circumventing the word limit. If a student uses a table or figure as a means of presenting his/her own words, then this is included in the word count.
Examiners will stop reading once the word limit has been reached, and work beyond this point will not be assessed. Checks of word counts will be carried out on submitted work, including any assignments or dissertations/business projects that appear to be clearly over-length. Checks may take place manually and/or with the aid of the word count provided via an electronic submission. Where a student has intentionally misrepresented their word count, the School may treat this as an offence under Section IV of the General Regulations of the University. Extreme cases may be viewed as dishonest practice under Section IV, 5 (a) (x) of the General Regulations.
Very occasionally it may be appropriate to present, in an appendix, material which does not properly belong in the main body of the assessment but which some students wish to provide for the sake of completeness. Any appendices will not have a role in the assessment – examiners are under no obligation to read appendices and they do not form part of the word count. Material that students wish to be assessed should always be included in the main body of the text.
YOUR COMPLETED ASSIGNMENT MUST BE SUBMITTED ELECTRONICALLY TO DUO NO LATER THAN 08.45AM, MONDAY 7Th MARCH 2016.
MARKING GUIDELINES
Performance in the summative assessment for this module is judged against the following criteria:
 Relevance to question(s)
 Organisation, structure and presentation
 Depth of understanding
BUSI48O15 Models for Decision Full Time 2015 MBA
© 2016
Page 6
Master of Business Administration
 Analysis and discussion
 Use of sources and referencing
 Overall conclusions
Assignments must be typed or word-processed using 1.5 line spacing and with margins of 2-3 cm. Pages should be numbered. The word count should include all the text (plus endnotes and footnotes), but exclude diagrams, tables, bibliography, references and appendices. Guidance on referencing can be found in your year handbook.
You are required to submit an electronic copy of your assignment on DUO which will be put through the plagiarism detection service.
PLAGIARISM AND COLLUSION
Students suspected of plagiarism, either of published work or the work of other students, or of collusion will be dealt with according to School and University guidelinesBUSI48O15 Models for Decision
Full Time 2015 MBA
SUMMATIVE ASSIGNMENT
Attached below are three mini cases. Write a report to answer the questions in the mini-cases. You should structure your report in three sections, as follows:
1) Linear regression (30 marks).
2) Linear programming (30 marks).
3) Simulation (40 marks).
Where diagrams are used these should normally be included in the main body of your work. If they are located in the appendix they will not have a role in the assessment – examiners are under no obligation to read appendices.
In your report you should describe the formulas you used and critically present the results you obtained. You do not need to attach excel files with your submission.
Continued
BUSI48O15 Models for Decision Full Time 2015 MBA
© 2016
Page 2
Master of Business Administration
MINI CASE 1 ON LINEAR REGRESSION1
Dixie Showtime Movie Theathers, Inc., owns and operates a chain of cinemas in several markets in the southern United States. The owners would like to estimate weekly gross revenues as a function of advertising expenditures. Data (in hundreds of dollars) for a sample of eight markets for a recent week follow:
Market
Weekly Gross Revenue ($100s)
Television Advertising ($100s)
Newspaper Advertising ($100s)
Mobile
101.3
5.0
1.5
Shreveport
51.9
3.0
3.0
Jackson
74.8
4.0
1.5
Birmingham
126.2
4.3
4.3
Little Rock
137.8
3.6
4.0
Biloxi
101.4
3.5
2.3
New Orleans
237.8
5.0
8.4
Baton Rouge
219.6
6.9
5.8
1) Develop an estimated regression equation with the amount of television advertising as the independent variable. Test for a significant relationship between television advertising and weekly gross revenue at the 0.05 level of significance. What is the interpretation of this relationship? How much variation in the sample values of weekly gross revenues does this model explain?
2) Develop an estimated regression equation with both television and advertising and newspaper advertising as the independent variables. Is the overall regression statistically significant at the 0.05 level of significance? If so, then test whether each of the regression parameters
,
, and
is equal to zero at the 0.05 level of significance. What are the correct interpretations of the estimated regression parameters? Are these interpretations reasonable? How much variation in the sample values of weekly gross revenues does this model explain?
3) Given the results obtained, what should your next step be? Explain. What are the managerial implications of these results?
1 Source: Camm et al., 2015. Essentials of Business Analytics. First Edition. Stamford, CT, USA: CENGAGE Learning, p. 187.
BUSI48O15 Models for Decision Full Time 2015 MBA
© 2016
Page 3
Master of Business Administration
MINI CASE 2 ON LINEAR PROGRAMMING2
Round Tree Manor is a hotel that provides two types of rooms with three rental classes: “Super Saver”, “Deluxe”, and “Business”. The profit per night for each type of room and rental class is as follows:
Rental class
Room
Super Saver
Deluxe
Business
Type I
$30
$35
–
Type II
$20
$30
$40
Type I rooms do not have wireless Internet access and are not available for the Business rental class. Round Tree’s management makes a forecast of the demand by rental class for each night in the future. A linear programming model developed to maximise profit is used to determine how many reservations to accept for each rental class. The demand forecast for a particular night is 130 rentals in the “Super Saver” class, 60 rentals in the “Deluxe” class, and 50 rentals in the “Business” class. Round Tree has 100 Type I rooms and 120 Type II rooms.
1) Use linear programming to determine how many reservations to accept in each rental class and how the reservations should be allocated to room types. Is the demand by any rental class not satisfied? Explain.
2) The management is considering offering a free breakfast to anyone upgrading from a “Super Saver” reservation to “Deluxe” class. If the cost of the breakfast to Round Tree is $5, should this incentive be offered?
3) With a little work, an unused office area could be converted to a rental room. If the conversion cost is the same for both types of rooms, would you recommend converting the office to Type I or Type II room? Why?
4) Could the linear programming model be modified to plan for the allocation of rental demand for the next night? What information would be needed and how would the model change?
2 Source: Camm et al., 2015. Essentials of Business Analytics. First Edition. Stamford, CT, USA: CENGAGE Learning, p. 391.
BUSI48O15 Models for Decision Full Time 2015 MBA
© 2016
Page 4
Master of Business Administration
MINI CASE 3 ON SIMULATION3
OuRX, a retail pharmacy chain, is faced with the decision of how much flu vaccine to order for the next flu season. OuRX has to place a single order for the flu vaccine several months before the beginning of the season because it takes four to five months for the supplier to create the vaccine. OuRX wants to more closely examine the ordering decision because, over the past few years, the company has ordered too much vaccine and too little. OuRX pays a wholesale price of $12 per dose to obtain the flu vaccine from the supplier and then sells the flu shot to their customers at a retail price of $20. Based on industry trends as feedback from their marketing managers, OuRX has generated a rough estimate of flu vaccine demand at their retail pharmacies. OuRX is confident that demand will range from 800,000 doses to 4,500,000 doses. The following table lists probabilities for demand values within this range.
Demand
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
Probabilities
.05
.20
.50
.25
Because OuRX earns a profit on flu shots that it sells and it cannot sell more than its supply, the appropriate profit computation depends on whether demand exceeds the order quantity or vice versa. Similarly, the number of lost sales and excess doses depends on whether demand exceeds the order quantity and vice versa.
1) Construct a spreadsheet model that computes the net profit corresponding to a given level of demand and specified order quantity. Model demand is a random variable with Analytic Solver Platform custom general distribution.
2) Using simulation and optimisation, determine the order quantity that maximises expected profit. What is the probability of running out of flu vaccine at this order quantity?
3) How many doses does OuRX need to order so that the probability of running out of flu vaccine is only 25 percent? How much expected profit will OuRX lose if it orders this amount rather than the amount obtained from answering question 2?
3 Source: Camm et al., 2015. Essentials of Business Analytics. First Edition. Stamford, CT, USA: CENGAGE Learning, p. 532.
BUSI48O15 Models for Decision Full Time 2015 MBA
© 2016
Page 5
Master of Business Administration
Overall word limit 4,000 words maximum.
The word count should:
 Include all the text, including title, preface, introduction, in-text citations, quotations, footnotes and any other items not specifically excluded below.
 Exclude diagrams, tables (including tables/lists of contents and figures), equations, executive summary/abstract, acknowledgements, declaration, bibliography/list of references and appendices. However, it is not appropriate to use diagrams or tables merely as a way of circumventing the word limit. If a student uses a table or figure as a means of presenting his/her own words, then this is included in the word count.
Examiners will stop reading once the word limit has been reached, and work beyond this point will not be assessed. Checks of word counts will be carried out on submitted work, including any assignments or dissertations/business projects that appear to be clearly over-length. Checks may take place manually and/or with the aid of the word count provided via an electronic submission. Where a student has intentionally misrepresented their word count, the School may treat this as an offence under Section IV of the General Regulations of the University. Extreme cases may be viewed as dishonest practice under Section IV, 5 (a) (x) of the General Regulations.
Very occasionally it may be appropriate to present, in an appendix, material which does not properly belong in the main body of the assessment but which some students wish to provide for the sake of completeness. Any appendices will not have a role in the assessment – examiners are under no obligation to read appendices and they do not form part of the word count. Material that students wish to be assessed should always be included in the main body of the text.
YOUR COMPLETED ASSIGNMENT MUST BE SUBMITTED ELECTRONICALLY TO DUO NO LATER THAN 08.45AM, MONDAY 7Th MARCH 2016.
MARKING GUIDELINES
Performance in the summative assessment for this module is judged against the following criteria:
 Relevance to question(s)
 Organisation, structure and presentation
 Depth of understanding
BUSI48O15 Models for Decision Full Time 2015 M
 
 
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CORPRATE SICIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ETHICS

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CORPRATE SICIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ETHICS
The detailed requirements for this task are as follows:
-PLEASE NOTE THIS HAS TO BE IN UK ENGLISH NOT AMERICAN ENGLISH PLEASE.
In this case study you are required to apply ethics and csr theory to the football organisation, FIFA. You will lose marks if you refer often to the difficulties involved in the management of large international organisations.
REMEMBER this module is about ethics and corporate social responsibility, so use the slides attached thoroughly as well as applying other academic sources. There are compulsory questions at the end of the case.
In the early hours of 27th May 2015, Swiss police raided the luxury Baur au Lac Hotel in Zurich. Their targets were senior figures in one of the largest, most powerful, and allegedly corrupt organisations in the world. But this was not a criminal gang, nor was it the Italian mafia: it was the Fédération Internationale de Football Association, known globally as FIFA. The following case study covers four key ethical themes in relation to what has become known as the ‘FIFA scandal’, namely leadership ethics, corporate governance, stakeholder perspectives, and organisational context.
FIFA was founded in 1904 and currently comprises 209 national football associations from within six regional confederations: Africa, Asia, Europe, North & Central America and the Caribbean, Oceania and South America. It is a registered charity, established under Swiss law, with headquarters in Zurich. It generates income from sponsorship. In 2013 it had revenues of more than $1.3 billion, resulting in a net profit of $72 million, and retained cash reserves in excess of $1.4 billion. The association is led by an Executive Committee composed of 24 individuals: the President, 8 vice-presidents and 15 members; and daily administration is undertaken by the General Secretariat, with a staff of around 280, under the leadership of the President and General Secretary. Remuneration for the presidency in 2011 was approximately 2 million Swiss francs, (about $ 2million) with 1.2 million Swiss francs /dollars in salary plus bonuses.
The supreme body is the FIFA Congress, an assembly of national representatives, within which each member has one vote, regardless of their country’s population or team ranking. Congress meets in ordinary session once a year and has held additional extraordinary sessions each year since 1998, to make decisions in relation to FIFA’s governing statutes, approval of annual reports, acceptance of new members, and Congress holds elections for Executive Committee roles, including the President. The international structure of the organisation includes operational committees, under Executive authority or created as standing committees by Congress, with responsibility for key issues such as finance, discipline and refereeing. Results are published under the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).
The remit, the task of FIFA, is to organise and promote international tournaments such as the World Cup – including making decisions as to where they are held. FIFA also organises the Confederations Cup, and football within the Olympics. It takes an active role in the running and development of football globally, and has the power to suspend members, for example when they are not functioning properly or when national governments are deemed to be interfering, but the ‘rules’ of the game are controlled externally by the International Football Association Board. IFAB includes four FIFA members and four representatives from the England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland football associations respectively.
With little or even no public warning, the US Department of Justice accused FIFA of corruption on a large scale. Revelations and arrests came in May 2015. A Swiss police raid on FIFA’s headquarters quickly followed. Little of all this is new: such raids have not been the first in FIFA’s recent history. Indeed in the 17 year leadership of current President and Swiss national Joseph ‘Sepp’ Blatter, the organisation has been dogged by accusations, from mismanagement to criminal activity. In 2006, journalist Andrew Jennings published a book detailing an alleged cash-for-contracts scandal following the collapse of FIFA’s marketing partner ISL and vote-rigging in presidential elections. ( Andrew Jennings ‘The Dirty Game’ and in 2015 he published ‘The secret world of FIFA’)
A subsequent Panorama documentary revealed that Sepp Blatter was being investigated by the Swiss police over a secret deal to repay more than £1m of bribes pocketed by football officials. Lord Triesman, former chairman of the English FA, described FIFA as an organisation that “behaves like a mafia family”, highlighting “decades-long traditions of bribes, bungs and corruption”.
Four years later, Panorama alleged that three senior officials had been paid huge bribes by ISL between 1989 and 1999, and another had been repeatedly involved in reselling World Cup tickets to touts, which FIFA failed to investigate because it had not been told about it by “official channels”. The latter exposé also criticised the organisation for requiring nations bidding to be tournament hosts to implement special laws which gave blanket tax exemptions to FIFA and its sponsors. The confidentiality of the bidding process should have included this clause, but the Dutch government refused to agree to the laws and revealed them, thus adversely affecting its bid. Andrew Jennings was banned from all FIFA press conferences following the 2006 programme. In 2011, the International Olympic Committee started proceedings against honorary FIFA president João Havelange for bribery, specifically that he accepted a $1m ‘bung’ from ISL in 1997.
Later that year, an independent governance committee convened by FIFA, and chaired by Professor Mark Pieth, claimed progress had been made on key areas of reform but called for further progress on the introduction of term limits, integrity checks for Executive Committee members and more transparency on salaries. He predominantly blamed UEFA for the lack of progress on these salaries and praised Blatter in interviews to support publication of the final report, saying “the prospects for reform are probably at their greatest if Blatter wins more time.” Head of the Swiss branch of anti-corruption NGO Transparency International, Eric Martin said “he has had 17 years”.
Throughout his tenure Sepp Blatter has remained a controversial figure, with an obvious passion for football, FIFA and his role, but he has often been outspoken and has been criticised for the inappropriateness of comments. These include the suggestion that female footballers should play in tighter shorts to increase the popularity of the women’s game; he could understand if match-fixing happened in Africa but not Italy; England captain John Terry would have been applauded in some countries for having an extra-marital affair; on the field racism should be settled with a handshake; and gay fans should refrain from having sex in Qatar. His tenacity was highlighted when he likened himself to a mountain goat, saying “I cannot be stopped, I just keep going” but was challenged when he stated he would “not forget” UEFA’s threat to boycott the World Cup if he did not step down in the face of the recent scandal.
The most recent allegations, however, relate to two separate but interlinked scandals, the first a wide-reaching, three-year FBI investigation which led the US Department of Justice to issue a 47-count indictment for fourteen individuals, relating primarily to bribes for commercial deals relating to US and Latin American tournaments from the 1990s to the present day. Nine current and former FIFA officials were named, included vice-president and president of CONCACAF Jeffrey Webb, and his predecessor Jack Warner, who were charged with corruption. Their General Secretary, Charles ‘Chuck’ Blazer had already pleaded guilty, as had his two sons. Sepp Blatter was not arrested or indicted, but the Swiss attorney-general said he could not rule out later interviews.
Through participation in the alleged 24-year ‘scheme’, the perpetrators were described as “enriching themselves through the corruption of international soccer”, whilst it was defined within documents as fostering “a culture of corruption and greed” and it was suggested that “undisclosed and illegal payments, kickbacks and bribes became a way of doing business at FIFA”. Specific details included payments of “well over $150m” in bribes from US/South American marketing executives to secure lucrative marketing and media rights to international matches and tournaments in the region, but also alleged further possible corruption around the world.
The core pivotal issues have been the charges that there was a $10m deal which prosecutors alleged was a bribe to secure the 2010 World Cup in South Africa, with newspaper reports of an email outlining a deal between Blatter and then South African president Thabo Mbeki. The message sent from FIFA general secretary Jerome Valke to a government minister, queried the date of payment and referred to Blatter-Mbeki discussions. In response the South African government said it was a legitimate payment to promote Caribbean football, but documents seen by the BBC suggested that Jack Warner used it for cash withdrawals, personal loans and to launder money. Chuck Blazer was also charged, along with others on the Executive Committee, for accepting bribes to ensure the selection of the country as host.
Although ground operations were executed within Switzerland, the action was very much led by the Americans, on the Department of Justice premise that although the crimes were of a global nature, the planning process was carried out in the US, with the use of US banks to transfer money key to the investigation. Whilst media coverage in the EU remained intense, there was little discussion elsewhere, with a feeling that the lack of political links between those arrested both facilitated the prosecution process and accounted for a lack of public interest. One criticism was of the scope of US ‘leadership’ in the matter via extraterritorial jurisdiction, the legal ability of a government to exercise authority beyond its normal boundaries, with Russian president Vladimir Putin asking “what business is this of America”.
In terms of the second scandal to rock the organisation, within hours of the first police raid Swiss authorities also announced that were opening criminal proceedings to consider the awarding of hosting rights to Russia and Qatar, for the World Cup 2018 and 2022 respectively. As part of an investigation into “criminal mismanagement” and “money laundering”, based on electronic data seized from FIFA headquarters later the same day, they expressed their intent to question ten Executive Committee members who took part in the voting process in December 2010.
Doubts had already been raised about the legitimacy of the 2010 vote and so in 2012, in an attempt to address accusations, FIFA hired former US prosecutor Michael Garcia to investigate allegations of bribery. But following a two-year enquiry, the decision was made in December 2014 not to release the full report, but instead to publish an executive summary compiled by chairman of the FIFA ethics committee Hans-Joachim Eckert which cleared the hosts of wrongdoing, exonerated the bidding process and reported “no major irregularities”. In response Michael Garcia resigned, and released his own statement saying the summary “contained numerous materially incomplete and erroneous representations”.
Six months earlier, the Sunday Times had also alleged that former FIFA vice-president Mohamed bin Hamman had paid £3 million to football officials to gain support for the Qatari bid, and used contacts within the Qatar royal family and government to broker commercial deals with representatives from Thailand and Germany. He had also arranged meetings between Sepp Blatter and the royal family, and the Qatari bid team and president of the UEFA Michel Platini, and discussed “bilateral relations” between Russia and Qatar with Vladimir Putin just prior to the vote in 2010. Mohamed Bin Hamman was subsequently banned from football for life in 2012 for his part in another corruption scandal.
Concerns had also been raised in respect of the countries who bid successfully, to be able to host the forthcoming tournaments. Russia already had a problem with significant racism in domestic football and discrimination against LGBT people in society generally, but more recently, it faced condemnation from around the globe for its military action in Ukraine, and its alleged involvement in the shooting down of a Malaysian passenger plane. Climate was an initial worry with regard to Qatar, with clubs then objecting to a move to a winter tournament to address this, but further outcry related to the treatment of workers on World Cup facilities, and general apprehension over cultural differences such as the banning of alcohol and prohibition of homosexuality that would affect visiting fans.
Unsurprisingly, there was widespread response to the combined scandals, initially from Walter De Gregorio, FIFA’s communications director who suggested that “this is good for FIFA… it hurts, it is not easy, but it confirms we are on the right track”. He said Blatter was at the time “very calm” and “is fully co-operating” but “not dancing in his office”, and insisted the organisation was committed to reform. A further written FIFA statement welcomed “actions that can help contribute to rooting out any wrongdoing in football”. UEFA said it was “astonished and saddened by the events”, whilst here in the UK, the FA said that events were “very serious for FIFA and its current leadership”.
Corporate sponsors also expressed their views with Adidas stating that “the negative tenor of the public debate around FIFA at the moment is neither good for football nor for FIFA and its partners”; Coca-Cola noting “anything that detracts from the mission and ideals of the FIFA World Cup is a concern to us”; and Hyundai/Kia declaring “we are confident that FIFA is taking these allegations seriously and that the investigatory chamber of the FIFA ethics committee will conduct a thorough investigation”. Sony and Visa also issued statements, but Emirates declined to comment. Former England captain Gary Lineker tweeted “There can’t be a more corrupt, deplorable organisation on earth than FIFA. The house of cards is falling. Time for change!”… “This is extraordinary! FIFA is imploding. The best thing that could possibly happen to the beautiful game.”
Three days after the raids, and despite numerous calls to postpone the presidential elections, Sepp Blatter was voted back into post for a fifth term, declaring “I am the president now, the president of everybody”. Tom Fordyce Chief Sports Writer BBC Sport 2nd June 2015. But as pressure increased and confirmation that the FBI was widening its investigation, he made an announcement four days later on 2nd June that he would be stepping down “when a successor is chosen”. He stated that he would remain in post until the election, the date for which was later set for 26th February 2016, and until then would be “working on reforms” at FIFA.
But on 25th September, only three months later, the BBC reported in its 10 pm news bulletin that Swiss authorities had arrested and then released Sepp Blatter on bail for ‘criminal mismanagement and misappropriation’ of FIFA funds. His successor Michel Platini has also been implicated in corruption.
Questions:
The guidance is APPROX 1000 words per question but. You must include at least 2 academic journal articles in the total assignment, but not for each question. Do not include general unreferenced sources from Wikipedia or other sources without peer academic review.
In your answers restrict yourself to the information from the case study. You will NOT gain extra marks from adding later information about the development of the case unless you can show that the extra information does raise new moral /csr, not managerial, issues.
1 Using two ethical contrasting ethical theories/perspective studied on the module, discuss the actions of the FIFA Executive Committee, and particularly those of the President, Sepp Blatter.
2 With regard to both its hierarchical structure and global charity status, use CSR/ethical theory to discuss the governance of FIFA, with particular regard to transparency and accountability.
3 Consider the impact of the FIFA scandals on the reputation of FIFA, on football and on sport. How might the scandals affect / may affect the actions of stakeholders? Discuss in the context of module theory.
4 In the context of the future of CSR and ethics, consider the advantages and disadvantages of the role that diverse national cultures, including morals, play in multinational organisations such as FIFA.
Harvard referencing for all sources in alphabetical order please.
Assessment Criteria
The module Learning Outcomes tested by this assessment task are indicated on page 1. The precise criteria against which your work will be marked are as follows:
• Analyse concepts and theories of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and business ethics.
• Discuss the relevance of ethical and CSR concepts in organisational contexts.
• Differentiate CSR issues from the perspective of different stakeholders
• Evaluate the outcomes of CSR strategies and provide reasoned predictions on the future use of CSR, and ethical perspectives, within organisational policy making.
Performance descriptors
Very good, possibly outstanding or exceptional level of analysis, showing deep critical engagement with a comprehensive range of contextual material. Demonstration of independent thought resulting in creative responses to the assignment brief and some telling insights. Clear evidence of understanding of current scholarship and research based on an extensive range of relevant sources. Clarity of structure demonstrating complete focus of argument. Little or no obvious errors in referencing or grammar or syntax. Mature links made between relevant ideas, theories and practice.
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ESTABLISHING DOCUMENTATION STANDARDS

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ESTABLISHING DOCUMENTATION STANDARDS
(1) There are 4 SECTIONS WITH 2-3 QUESTIONS EACH IN THE SECTION THAT NEEDS TO BE ANSWERED
(2) There is a project it also has part 1 & part 2 needs to be answered.
Attach is the questionnaire and projects
BSBADM506B QUESTIONS
SECTION 1: ESTABLISH DOCUMENTATION STANDARDS
Question I
Choose an organisation with which you are familiar. It could be somewhere you have worked or visited. It might be a public library, school, sporting club etc.
Assume you need to develop standards which will be used to create new documents. Identify and report on the organisation’s requirements for information entry, storage, output and quality of document design and production.
Optimum file size should be less than 7MB
Question 1 part 2
Consider this scenario. You have been employed by LMN Pty Ltd to manage its new document design and production program. You have been asked to deliver a presentation to the organisation’s board of directors about how organisational requirements can impact on the creation of appropriate standards used to produce documents. The presentation must include details of the methods you will use to identify relevant organisational requirements.
Develop a presentation which you could deliver to the board of directors. Use notes and handouts if appropriate. If possible, deliver your presentation to your trainer. If not, submit the presentation in an agreed format.
Optimum file size should be less than 7MB
Question 2
Choose an organisation with which you are familiar. It could be somewhere you have worked or visited. It might be a public library, school, sporting club etc.
Conduct a detailed investigation of the organisation’s present and future information technology requirements insofar as they will impact on document production processes. Write a report in which you set out details of your findings. Include details of any information which you were not able to access but which would have assisted you to evaluate the organisation’s present and future information technology capability. Use headings as appropriate.
Optimum file size should be less than 7MB
Question 2 part 2
Consider this scenario. You work for an auditing company. You have been asked to audit a national retail chain. Select one access device and one instance of application software which could be used by the retail chain to produce documents. Create a memo which you could provide to your manager in which you set out the capabilities and constraints of the device and software. Provide examples where appropriate.
Optimum file size should be less than 7MB
Question 3
Choose an organisation with which you are familiar. It could be somewhere you have worked or visited. It might be a public library, school, sporting club etc.
Identify the types of documents which are currently used by the organisation and provide details of the required format and layout. Explain the type of information which would be expected to be included in each document type.
Topic : MANAGE TEMPLATE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
Question 4
Choose three documents which you have obtained from three different organisations. The documents you choose must appear to have been created from a standard template. You could refer to an account from a utilities organisation, letter from a lawyer, advice from an accountant, notice from a government agency, brochure from a local gym, pamphlet from a council etc.
Describe the format of each document.
Provide details of the:
Intended recipient of the document.
Reason for the document.
Information which the document is intended to convey.
In your opinion, does each document achieve its purpose? Is it appropriate for the audience? Does it convey the required information? Explain why or why not.
Submit your answer for assessment.
Optimum file size should be less than 7MB
Question 4 part 2
Consider this scenario. You work as the manager for a taxi company. You must design a standard letter in which you explain that your organisation will now allow clients to book a taxi over the internet. This service will be free; however, your organisation will now charge a $10 processing fee on all bookings which are made over the telephone.
Design one document which you could use as a standard letter to be sent to your clients who operate e-commerce businesses and another which you could send to your cost conscious retiree clients. Save these as one word file and submit for assessment.
Optimum file size should be less than 7MB
Question 5
Consider this scenario. You work for a five star international hotel. You are responsible for training junior employees about the appropriate style and layout of documents.
Create a portfolio (saved as one document) of at least five documents which you will use to demonstrate what will, and will not, meet organisational requirements. Make sure you provide a description of each document and your assessment of whether or not the document will meet organisational requirements.
The portfolio should include examples of various types of documents of different standards. That is, it must contain documents which do not enhance readability and appearance as well as those which do.
Optimum file size should be less than 7MB
Question 5 part 2
Locate a 200 word excerpt from a book or internet page.
Calculate the:
Flesch Reading Ease Score.
Flesch-Kincaid Reading Age.
Gunning fog index.
Explain your findings. Based on the readability tests you conducted, assess whether you consider the excerpt contains language which would be suitable for a business document and enhances readability. The excerpt should be supplied by mail/fax or electronically if it and the analysis can be unloaded as one document.
Optimum file size should be less than 7MB
Question 6
Consider this scenario. You are the business development manager of a hairdressing franchisor. You have recently redesigned your organisation’s templates to account for a change in the organisation’s branding.
You have decided to ask 12 employees to help you with testing of the new templates. You will also discuss the documents produced from the templates with members of the organisation’s board of directors, hairdressing franchisees, suppliers and customers.
Design a plan which you could use to obtain feedback on the changes which have been made. Provide details of the nature of any discussions you will have and specific questions you might ask.
Optimum file size should be less than 7MB
Topic 3: DEVELOP STANDARD TEXT FOR DOCUMENTS
Question 6
Select any word processed document to which you have access and which has been saved electronically. The document should be at least three pages in length. (Type your own document if you cannot locate another one.)
Amend the document any way you wish using at least two of the following functions:
Record a macro.
Embed a link to a spreadsheet.
Create a table of contents.
Create an index containing at least five words/ phrases.
Describe the steps you took to use each function. Explain when each function would be useful. Submit a copy of original document and amended document you created together with your description of the procedural steps you took (saved as one file).
Optimum file size should be less than 7MB
Question 6 part 2
Consider this statement:
‘Any functions you are able to use to automate aspects of standard document production will create efficiencies and improve the accuracy of documents. For this reason, employees should be instructed to use them whenever they are available.’
Do you agree? Why or why not?
Question 7
Choose five examples of application software commonly used within organisations. Write a report in which you provide details of the main features of each program which you could use to produce documents. Submit your answer for assessment.
Optimum file size should be less than 7MB
Question 7 part 2
Create examples of three documents which could be produced using three different programs.
a) Program 1
Optimum file size should be less than 7MB
B) Program 2
Optimum file size should be less than 7MB
c) Program 3
Optimum file size should be less than 7MB
Question 7 part 3
Consider this scenario. You work for a mid-sized manufacturer. You have been asked to develop a guide which could be used by new employees who will be involved in document production. The guide must help the employees to select the appropriate software to use when producing different document types.
Optimum file size should be less than 7MB
Question 8
Open a new document in your word processor. Type this text exactly as it appears:
This is standard text which I can amend using a macro.
I can change the font.
I can insert line numbers.
I can change the style of the text.
I can change the page layout to landscape.
Record a macro to:
Change the font in the second line to Arial Black.
Insert automatic line numbering.
Change the font in the fourth line to italics.
Change the page layout to landscape.
Question 8 (a)
Make a note of the steps you took to record the macro.
Question 8 (b)
Test the macro to make sure it does what is stated in the text you typed. If not, re-record the macro to ensure it meets requirements. Describe the steps you took to conduct the testing.
Question 8 (c)
Submit the document you created using the macro you tested.
Optimum file size should be less than 7MB
Question 8 part 2
Consider this scenario. You work for a fast food chain. The style guide used by your organisation requires all tables within documents to have an outside border but no inside border. The header row must be shaded and headings must be typed in capital letters.
You need to create a table titled Shopping list. It will have two columns and 10 rows. The first column will have the heading Items. The second column will have the heading Number required.
The following items will be inserted into the first column of the table:
flour
tomato paste
cheese
pineapple
pepperoni
salami
capsicum
mushrooms
olives
Create a macro titled Shopping list which will allow you to automatically insert a table containing the required information in the appropriate format into a new document.
Test the macro to ensure it creates a table which is consistent with your organisation’s document standards for tables.
Optimum file size should be less than 7MB
Question 8 part 3
Use your research skills to locate at least three versions of training notes or instructions which an organisation has used to explain one or more processes or systems to employees or clients/ customers. Analyse the content, format and language style of the notes. Assess whether, in your view, the notes are suitable for existing and future users. Explain your reasoning.
Send a copy of the notes you analysed (eg by mail/ fax) and submit your analysis for assessment.
Optimum file size should be less than 7MB
Topic 4: DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT STRATEGIES TO ENSURE THE USE OF STANDARD DOCUMENTATION
Question 9
Consider this scenario. You are the human resources manager in charge of training in a petroleum company. You have been asked to design and develop a comprehensive new training system which will be used to ensure those employees who use templates and macros have the required knowledge and skills.
Prepare a presentation which you could deliver to the board of directors in which you provide details of your training strategy. Ensure you include information about the provision of a training program which will suit the needs of all employees who will use templates and macros.
If possible, deliver the presentation to your trainer. If not, submit your presentation for assessment.
Optimum file size should be less than 7MB
Question 9 part 2
Prepare a script which you could use to deliver an onsite training session to teach inexperienced secretaries to:
Create a new template.
Record a macro to insert one paragraph of text.
Test the macro.
Provide details of any training methods you will utilise and visual aids you will rely upon.
Submit your answer for assessment.
Optimum file size should be less than 7MB
Question 10
Choose an organisation with which you are familiar. It could be somewhere you have worked or visited. It might be a public library, school, sporting club etc.
Design a set of procedures which the organisation could use to produce, circulate, name and store master files and print copies of templates and macros.
Submit your answer for assessment.
Optimum file size should be less than 7MB
Question 10 part 2
Undertake research; find out what options are available to digitally sign master files before storage. Write a report in which you set out your findings including the benefits of digital signatures and the procedures which can be used to create them.
Optimum file size should be less than 7MB
Projects
Project 1
Consider this scenario. You and four friends have developed a new environmentally friendly heater. You all have extensive business experience. Together, you have established a new company, Green Heaters Pty Ltd ACN 512 302 XXX, which will manufacture and sell the new heater to wholesalers. The five of you will comprise the board of directors.
The board has forecasted that Green Heaters Pty Ltd will sell 650,000 heaters in the first year and will employ 100 staff.
You have been given the task of designing and developing the standard documentation which will be used by Green Heaters Pty Ltd. You must present details of your plans to the board of directors.
Prepare a comprehensive report to the board.
Explain what you will do to manage the design and development of business documents.
Explain details of the methods and processes you will use to produce high quality documents.
Provide details of the types of documents which you will produce and how you will ensure that they will be suitable for requirements.
Explain the methods you will use to develop standard documents including templates and macros and provide information about any assistance you will need, including details of external sources.
Detail the strategies you will use to ensure employees use standard documents productively.
Provide information about the proposed organisational policies and procedures which will be implemented to govern the use of standard documents as well as ensure standard documents meet any changing requirements of the organisation in the short and long term.
Optimum file size should be less than 7MB
Project 1 part 2
Include prototypes of at least five documents, together with a sample of the written instructions which could be provided to employees who will use those documents.
a. Document 1 with written instructions (in one file)
Optimum file size should be less than 7MB
b. Document 2 with written instructions (in one file)
Optimum file size should be less than 7MB
c. Document 3 with written instructions (in one file)
Optimum file size should be less than 7MB
d. Document 4 with written instructions (in one file)
Optimum file size should be less than 7MB
e. Document 5 with written instructions (in one file)
Optimum file size should be less than 7MB
Please attend all of the 4 section that has 10 questions in it and 1 project with part 1 & part 2 and please keep the files size as required
What ever documents you used to answer the questions attach the original copy of the document & and it must be Australian documents only
 
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Ethics and moral reasoning

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Ethics and moral reasoning
. Theory explanation
Explain the core principles or features of the deontological or utilitarian theory and the general account of moral reasoning it provides.

You must quote from at least one required resource other than your textbook that defends or represents that theory. Refer to the list of acceptable resources. Application
Demonstrate how the principles or features of the deontological or utilitarian theory apply to the question under consideration and identify the specific conclusion that results from applying the reasoning characteristic of that kind of approach.

Your application should clearly show how the conclusion follows from the main principles and features of the theory as addressed in the previous paragraph. Please see the associated guidance for help in fulfilling this requirement. Objection
Raise a relevant objection to the argument expressed in your application. An objection articulates a plausible reason why someone might find the argument problematic. This can be a false or unsupported claim or assumption, fallacious reasoning, a deep concern about what the conclusion involves, a demonstration of how the argument supports other conclusions that are unacceptable, etc. You should aim to explain this objection as objectively as possible, (i.e., in a way that would be acceptable to someone who disagrees with the argument from the previous paragraph).

Note that this does not necessarily mean that the objection succeeds, or that the conclusion the theory supports is wrong. It may be an obstacle that any adequate defense of the conclusion would have to overcome, and it may be the case that the theory has the resources to overcome that obstacle. Your task here is simply to raise the objection or present the “obstacle.” Conclusion
The conclusion should very briefly summarize the main points of your essay. Resource Requirements You must use at least two resources to support your claims. At least one of the resources should be one of the Required or Recommended Resources that represent the theory you have chosen, and must be drawn from the list of acceptable resources available in your online classroom. The other source should pertain to the particular issue you are writing about and should be drawn from the required or recommended readings in the course, or be a scholarly source found in the Ashford Unversity Library. You are encouraged to use additional resources, so long as at least two conform to the requirements above. The textbook does not count toward satisfying the resources requirement. To count toward satisfying the requirement, resources must be cited within the body of your paper and on the reference page and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. If you are unsure about whether a resource fulfills the requirement, or need assistance in finding resources, please contact your instructor. Part 3 – Final Paper part 3 due 3/31/16 Final Paper Please read these assignment instructions before writing your paper, and re-read them often during and after the writing process to make sure that you are fulfilling all of the instructions. Please also utilize the assignment guidance and the outlined model provided. Overview
In the Week One Assignment, you formulated a concrete ethical question, took a position on that topic, and identified a reason supporting and a reason opposing that position. In the Week Three Assignment, you discussed either deontological or utilitarian theory, applied that theory to the question, and raised a relevant objection. By engaging with the course material, you now have had a chance to refine your thinking and broaden your understanding of the problem by approaching it from the perspective of multiple ethical theories. In this paper, you will demonstrate what you have learned by writing an essay in which you Present a revised formulation of the ethical question and introduction to the topic. Explain the kind of reasoning you think is the best way to approach this question, and how that reasoning supports the position you think is strongest. Raise an objection, and be able to respond to it. Instructions
Write an essay that conforms to the requirements below. The paper must be 1500 to 2000 words in length (excluding the title and reference pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. The paragraphs of your essay should conform to the following guidelines: Introduction
Your first paragraph should begin with the topic question, suitably revised. It should be focused, concrete, and on a relevant moral problem. You should then introduce the topic in the way described by the Week One instructions, but reflecting the developed understanding and information you have gained about the topic and any necessary refinement of the scope.

Follow this with a thesis statement that states your position, and a brief description of the primary reason(s) supporting your position. (See the handout on thesis statements provided). Finally, provide a brief preview of the overall aim and procedure of your paper. Explanation and Demonstration of Moral Reasoning
This section of the Final Paper will explain and demonstrate what you believe to be the best way of reasoning about the question you have chosen, and showing how that reasoning supports the position you have taken on the question. You might explain the principles, rules, values, virtues, conceptions of purposes and ends, and other general ideas that you find persuasive, and show how they support concrete judgments.

In the course of doing so, you must make reference to at least two of the approaches that we have examined in the course (such as deontological, utilitarian, or virtue-based), and utilize at least one resource off the provided list for each of the two approaches. One of these theories may be the theory you discussed in your Week Three Assignment, but your discussion here should be more refined.

For example, you might find the reasoning associated with Aristotelian virtue ethics to be the most compelling, and reference Aristotle in the process of showing how that reasoning supports a certain conclusion. In the course of this, you could contrast that with a utilitarian approach, referencing Mill for instance. Objection and Response
After explaining the ethical reasoning that supports your position, you should raise an objection and respond to it. An objection articulates a plausible reason why someone might find the argument weak or problematic. You should explain how it brings out this weakness, and do so in a way that would be acceptable to someone who disagrees with your own argument. Then, provide the best response you can to the objection, showing how it does not undermine your position. Your response should not simply restate your original position or argument, but should say something new in support of it. Conclusion
Provide a conclusion that sums up what you presented in the paper and offers some final reflections. Resource Requirement
You must use at least four scholarly resources. Two of the resources must be drawn from the list of acceptable primary resources on each of the two theories you discuss. For example, if you discuss deontology and virtue ethics, you would need at least one resource under the “Deontology” list and at least one resource under the “Virtue Ethics” list. The other two may be from either the Required or Recommended Resources, or scholarly resources found in the Ashford University Library. The textbook may be cited, but it does not count toward the resource requirement. If you cite the textbook, you will still need to cite at least four more sources that fulfill the requirements stated above. If you need help with finding additional resources, or are unsure about whether a particular resource will count toward the requirement, please contact your instructor. For sources to count toward the resources requirement, they must be cited within the text of your paper and on the reference page. Sources that are listed on the references page, but not cited within the paper, do not count toward fulfilling the resources requirement. For information regarding APA, including samples and tutorials, visit the Ashford Writing Center. The Final Paper: Must be 1500 to 2000 words in length (excluding title and reference pages), and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. Must include a title page with the following: Title of paper Student’s name Course name and number Instructor’s name Date submitted Must begin with an introductory paragraph that has a succinct thesis statement and statement of procedure. Must address the topic of the paper with critical thought. Must end with a conclusion that reaffirms your thesis. Must make meaningful reference to at least two of the ethical theories studied in the course. Must use at least four scholarly resources that fulfill the stated requirements. Must document all sources in APA style, as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. Must include a separate reference page, formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. Carefully review the Grading Rubric for the criteria that will be used to evaluate your assignment. Uploading part 1 again not sure if it was uploaded the first time Part 1 Due 3/7/16 Ethical Questions Please read these assignment instructions before writing your paper, and re-read them often during and after the writing process to make sure that you are fulfilling all of the instructions. Please also utilize the assignment guidance, the modeled example, and the outline provided. Overview
The following assignment is an exercise designed to help you begin the process of addressing a moral issue, a process that will continue in the next two assignments. In this exercise, you will do the following: Formulate an ethical question within one of the given topic areas from the list provided. Provide an introduction in which you briefly explain the topic and the particular question on which you will focus your paper. State your position on the question at issue. Identify one consideration that would support your position and one consideration that would challenge it. Instructions
The exercise must be at least 500 words in length (excluding title and reference pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. Be sure to include a title page and, if you include references, a bibliography. The exercise should be in outline (not essay) format, with each part labeled and numbered as specified below. Part One: Formulate the Question
Read through the list of available topic areas, and select a topic on which you would like to write your next two papers. Formulate a specific, concrete, ethical question pertaining to that topic, and place that at the top of your paper.

The question should be specific enough to discuss in six to eight pages (which is the length of the Final Paper assignment). For example, if you were interested in discussing the topic of capital punishment, a question like “Is capital punishment wrong?” would be too vague, and would need to be reformulated as a more specific question, such as “Should we execute people convicted of first degree murder?” or “Is it just to use capital punishment when there is the possibility of executing innocent persons?” or “Is the capital punishment system racist?” Part Two: Provide a Brief Introduction to the Topic
Your introduction should focus on setting out the topic and scope of the discussion in a way that clearly establishes what exactly you will be talking about and why it is significant. It should also provide any necessary context such as the background, current state of affairs, definitions of key terms, and so on. You want to try to do this in a way that stays as neutral as possible, avoids controversial assumptions, rhetorical questions, and the like. In other words, you should try to construct an introduction to the topic that could be an introduction to a paper defending any position on the question at issue.

It is important for your introduction to narrow down the topic as much as possible. Doing so will allow you to provide a more detailed consideration of the issues and explain the reasoning more clearly in later papers. In general, arguments and analyses are much stronger when they focus on addressing a particular issue thoroughly and in detail, and doing so often requires deciding on one particular question or point to discuss, and leaving other possible ones aside.

You should label this section of your paper as “Introduction.” Part Three: Provide a Position Statement
State clearly and precisely the position you intend to defend on the question you have formulated. This does not need to be more than one sentence.

Note that providing a position statement does not necessarily presume that you are confident in your position, that other positions do not have merit, or that you cannot change your mind later. However, for now, it is important to at least tentatively take a stand on a position you believe to be better supported than others.

Label this section as “Position Statement.” Part Four: Identify and Explain a Supporting Reason
Identify and explain a plausible reason someone could give that supports the position you have taken and be sure to clearly explain why you think it supports that position. The explanation should aim to be three to five sentences (shorter explanations are possible, but will likely be inadequate; longer explanations are likely to be too verbose).

Label this section as “Supporting Reason.” Part Five: Identify and Explain an Opposing Reason
Identify and explain a plausible reason someone might give that would oppose or challenge the position you have taken and be sure to clearly explain why you think it would oppose or challenge it.
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