As a scholar-practitioner, it is important for you to understand that just because a hypothesis test indicates a relationship exists between an intervention and an outcome, there is a difference between groups, or there is a correlation between two constructs, it does not always provide a default measure for its importance. Although relationships are significant, they can be very minute relationships, very small differences, or very weak correlations. In the end, we need to ask whether the relationships or differences observed are large enough that we should make some practical change in policy or practice.
For this Discussion, you will explore statistical significance and meaningfulness.
To prepare for this Discussion:
Review the Learning Resources related to hypothesis testing, meaningfulness, and statistical significance.
Review Magnusson’s web blog found in the Learning Resources to further your visualization and understanding of statistical power and significance testing.
Review the American Statistical Association’s press release and consider the misconceptions and misuse of p-values.
Consider the scenario:
A research paper claims a meaningful contribution to the literature based on finding statistically significant relationships between predictor and response variables. In the footnotes, you see the following statement, “given this research was exploratory in nature, traditional levels of significance to reject the null hypotheses were relaxed to the .10 level.”
Post your response to the scenario in which you critically evaluate this footnote. As a reader/reviewer, what response would you provide to the authors about this footnote?
Frankfort-Nachmias, C., Leon-Guerrero, A., & Davis, G. (2020). Social statistics for a diverse society (9th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Chapter 8, “Testing Hypothesis: Assumptions of Statistical Hypothesis Testing” (pp. 241-242)
Wagner, III, W. E. (2020). Using IBM® SPSS® statistics for research methods and social science statistics (7th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Chapter 6, “Testing Hypotheses Using Means and Cross-Tabulation”
https://rpsychologist.com/

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This module’s content focuses on the nature of race relations in the United States and globally. Write a 2- to 3-page paper (500 to 825 words) in APA format in which you use sociological theories of social stratification to explain race relations domestically and internationally. Be sure to compare the social stratification system in the United States to that of at least two additional countries in your paper. Cite and use at least one additional outside source for this paper.
Your paper must address the following:
1. Drawing upon the Module 4 materials and one outside source, explain how the stratification system is different between the United States and at least one other country. Be sure to use concepts from your reading in your response.
2. Based upon your understanding of the stratification system in the United States, examine why inequality impacts some racial groups (ethnic minorities, for example) more than others. For example, is it because of racism or some other form of discrimination? Explain.
3. Provide and analyze one important example of the impact economic inequality has on one racial group in the United States. For example, how do the rates of crime and unemployment, levels of education, and amount of income differ for African Americans in comparison to the larger population?
4. Finally, describe what you think are the implications of achieving a truly “color-blind” society in the United States. For example, how do we, as a society, achieve a careful balance in which we recognize and appreciate ethnic differences on one hand, but still have a unified American population? [MO4.1, MO4.2, MO4.3]

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