For this question, draw on the data and analysis presented in https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/03/us/george-floyd-protests-crowd-size.html?searchResultPosition=1

by New York Times writers Larry Buchanan, Quoctrung Bui, and Jugal Patel:

Using your sociological imagination, discuss two structural changes that might help explain why public opinion has shifted in favor of Black Lives Matter. By structural changes, I mean how changes to groups and institutions in the US have in turn produced this cultural change (remember, opinion is rooted in beliefs, which are an element of culture). Focus one paragraph on a key group change, and focus the other paragraph on a key institutional change.

Sample Solution

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https://youtu.be/oYiEDhQpWVk
Cancer is typically attributed to hereditary and environmental factors, but these only explain a fraction of overall cancer risks. These factors fail to explain why some of the body’s tissue types are more likely to develop cancer even in cases where hereditary and environmental risks are equal. For example, tissues of the small and large intestine are both susceptible to cancer caused by mutations in the APC gene, which regulates the production of the APC protein, a tumor suppressor that keeps cells from dividing in an uncontrolled way. The small and large intestines are presumably exposed to the same environmental factors, and yet cancer of the colon (part of the large intestine) is far more common than cancer of the duodenum (part of the small intestine). In this study, researchers investigated how a third factor – chance genetic mutations that occur during stem cell division – may contribute to the overall rate of cancer incidence in each tissue. The researchers plotted data from previously published studies to determine whether tissues with a greater number of stem cell divisions (and therefore a greater amount of DNA replication!) over a person’s lifetime is related to the overall risk of cancer in that tissue.

Questions:

What do the trends in this figure tell you about the relationship between stem cell divisions and cancer? 2 pts
What is a possible explanation/hypothesis for the difference in lifetime risk of colorectal cancer versus duodenal cancer (not the familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) versions)? 2 pts
Why do you think researchers focused on stem cells rather than fully differentiated cells? 2 pts
Explain why the lung cancer (smokers) and lung cancer (non-smokers) data points are vertically aligned
Describe how a mutation of a specific gene or an alteration to the DNA can contribute to cancer. Make sure to specify what the gene is, what type of mutation or DNA-altering mechanism is involved (e.g., activating/gain of function mutation, inhibiting/loss of function mutation), and how the alteration affects a particular cellular process. 3 pts (1 pt for each part that needs to be specified)

Sample Solution

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