Police occupy a central and unique position in American society. They are accorded considerable legal authority to ensure collective security, but must balance this

need with individual rights (enumerated in the Bill of Rights). Police practices and organization are a product of this balancing act, with competing societal values

determining the activities and structure of policing. Scholars have identified three distinct phases in the development of American public policing that have been a

response to shifting societal values. What are these three phases and how have these societal values shaped American police activities and structures since the

emergence of public police force? What were/are the consequences (if any) of these policing phases either intended or unintended?

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Police misconduct is as old as the institution itself. Since the creation of a public police force, the institution has witnessed various levels and types of

misconduct that have changed over time. To better understand the sources and implications of this misconduct for the effectiveness and quality of public policing,

scholars have identified several varieties that can be distinguished according to officer motivation and conduct. Identify and explain these varieties of misconduct

and the distinguishing motivations and behaviors of officers that characterize each type. In your opinion, is any one type more detrimental to the effectiveness and

quality of public policing? If so, which and why? If not, why not?

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