should be in complete sentences.

Read the scenario and answer the questions that follow it in complete sentences. Your answer must include definitions and explanations of the underlined terms.

In a laboratory study of sleep deprivation, researchers employed a variety of techniques to keep volunteers awake for variable amounts of time. One group of participants was kept awake for 24 hours, and the other was kept awake for 48 hours. During periods of forced wakefulness, participants were required to engage verbal learning tasks such as memorizing the definitions of obscure English words. At the conclusion of the period of forced wakefulness, participants were allowed to sleep for as long as they wanted to. When participants awakened, researchers tested them on the learning tasks they completed during the periods of forced wakefulness. The researchers discovered that participants who were deprived of sleep for 48 hours recalled less than those who had been forced to remain awake for 24 hours.

a. What is the independent variable?

b. What is the dependent variable?

c. What is the control group?

d. What is/are the experimental group(s)?

Read the scenario and answer the questions in complete sentences. Your answers must include definitions and explanations of underlined terms.

Sam’s psychology professor, Dr. Smith, recruited him to serve as a research assistant. Sam’s job was to teach study participants a new strategy for studying textbook material. Experimental group participants were supposed to be taught the new strategy, while control group participants were to be told that they could increase their test scores by holding their textbooks at a particular angle when reading. Each group was allowed to practice the techniques they were taught on a chapter in a psychology textbook, after which Sam tested them over what they had studied. Dr. Smith was surprised to discover that the control group scored higher on the tests than the experimental group did.

(A) What was the placebo in Dr. Smith’s study?

(B) How would the term placebo effect be used to describe the results of the study?

(C) Would it be correct to conclude that the procedure that was taught to the control group is a useful study strategy? If not, what is the correct conclusion?

Answer the question in complete sentences. You must define and explain any key terms that you include in your answer.

Why do researchers use double-blind designs?

Answer the questions in complete sentences. You must include definitions and explanations of any key terms you include in your answer.

Susan wanted to carry out a study to find out if aerobic exercise caused more weight loss than just walking. She instructed one group of study participants to do aerobic exercise for 20 minutes, 4 days a week. A second group was instructed to walk for 20 minutes a day, 4 days a week. Group membership was determined by a coin toss–heads, aerobic exercise; tails, walking. Susan weighed each participant before her study started and again three months into the study and then compared the average weights of the two groups.

a. Is Susan’s study correlational or experimental? Explain.

b. Explain why Susan used a coin toss to assign each participant to a groups.

c. Suppose Susan had asked participants whether they wanted to do aerobic exercise or walk instead of assigning them to groups using the coin-toss method. How would the interpretation of her study be affected?

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