October 2020 – Page 317 – Homework Handlers

Biological Theories of Aging and Age-Related Physical Changes

October 27, 2020/in Uncategorized /by admin

Chapter 3

Biological Theories of Aging and Age-Related Physical Changes

Are attempts to explain senescence or changes in the organism, leading ultimately to its death
Theories indicate that
Cells in the body become disorganized or chaotic
Cells no long replicate
Cellular death occurs

Biological Theories of Aging

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A rise in the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) damages cells and ultimately results in the cell no longer being able to function
The number of ROS is increased by external factors such as pollution and cigarette smoke and by internal factors such as inflammation
Damage appears to be random and unpredictable, varying from one cell to another, from one person to another

Oxidative Stress Theories

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Suggests that aging is a result of an accumulation of damage to the immune system, or immunosenescence
A chronic state of inflammation, combined with increasing number of ROS in the cells, appears to be a key factor in the aging process and the development of many health problems common in later life

Immunological Theory

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Growing evidence suggesting that ROS and free radicals alone do not trigger the aging process but lead to DNA mutations that cause errors in reproduction
Area of great research interest
Do telomeres have their own “biological clock?”
Is there a relationship between oxidative stress and the development of disease?

Aging and DNA

*

Occur as a result of genetic (intrinsic) and environmental (extrinsic) factors
Epidermis
Thins, making blood vessels and bruises more visible
Fewer melanocytes result in a lighter appearance of the skin
Age spots or liver spots (lentigines) appear on the backs of hands and wrists and on the face
Seborrheic keratoses and thick, brown, and raised lesions appear

Skin Changes of Aging

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Dermis
Loses about 20% of its thickness
Dermal blood vessels are reduced, which accounts for resultant skin pallor and cooler skin temperature
Collagen synthesis decreases
Elastin fibers thicken and fragment, leading to loss of stretch and resilience and a “sagging” appearance
Hypodermis
Areas atrophy, causing increased sensitivity to cold
Sebaceous (oil) glands atrophy

Skin Changes of Aging (Cont.)

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Hair
Thins on the head
Increased hair in the ears, nose, and eyebrows
Loses pigmentation (graying occurs)
Women develop chin hair, and leg, axillary, and pubic hair decrease
Nails
Become harder, thicker, dull, and more brittle
Vertical ridges appear
Growth slows

Hair and Nail Changes

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Although not life-threatening, they can affect one’s ability to function and quality of life
Changes are influenced by many factors, such as age, sex, race, and environment
Changes
Ligaments, tendons, and joints become dry, hardened, and less flexible
Muscle mass decreases
Vertebral disks thin, causing a shortening of the trunk

Musculoskeletal Changes

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Cardiac
Left ventricle wall thickens
Size of the left atrium slightly increases
Maximum coronary artery blood flow, stroke volume, and cardiac output decrease
The heart takes longer to accelerate and then to return to normal
Vascular
Elasticity decreases, and blood vessels recoil
Veins become stretched, and the valves become less efficient

Cardiovascular Changes

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Respiratory problems are common but almost always the result of exposure to environmental toxins rather than the aging process
Changes include
Loss of recoil
The chest wall stiffens
Gas exchange is less efficient
Resistance to air flow increases
Effectiveness of cough response is reduced
Cilia are less effective

Respiratory Changes

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Changes are significant because of increased susceptibility to fluid and electrolyte imbalance and structural damage from medications and contrast media
Changes include
Kidney blood flow decreases
Size and function of the kidneys decrease
Urine creatinine clearance decreases

Renal Changes

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The impact of most changes is not clear
Changes include
Most glands shrink
Rate of secretion decreases
Increased insulin resistance
Rates of type II diabetes and hypothyroidism are higher in older adults

Endocrine Changes

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Women
Unable to procreate after the cessation of ovulation
Breasts appear smaller, more pendulous, and less firm
Ovaries, uterus, and cervix atrophy
Estrogen levels decrease
Vaginal wall loses its ability to lubricate
Male
Testes atrophy and soften
Ejaculation is slower and less forceful
Testosterone level reduces
May experience urinary retention

Reproductive Changes

*

Mouth
Teeth lose enamel and dentin, making them vulnerable to decay
Taste buds decline in number
Salivary secretion lessens; consequently, a dry mouth exists
Stomach
Esophagus and stomach sluggishly empty
Decreased gastric motility and volume
Decreased ability to produce intrinsic factor
Intestines
Villi in the intestines are less functioning, which affects absorption
Peristalsis slows
Constipation is common

Gastrointestinal Changes

*

Central nervous system
Brain size and weight decrease
Subtle changes in cognitive and motor functioning occur in the very old
Mild memory impairments and difficulties with balance may be seen
Performance of tasks may take longer
Peripheral nervous system
Decreased tactile, kinesthetic, and vibratory senses
Reaction time is delayed

Neurologic Changes

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Changes are both functional and structural
All of the changes affect visual acuity and accommodation
Near vision decreases, and the lenses thicken
Eyelids lose elasticity and droop
Color perception decreases
Lower eyelids turn out, and dry eye syndrome is common
Resorption of the intraocular fluid becomes less efficient
Decline in peripheral vision

Eye and Vision Changes

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Affect both the structure and the function of the ear
Appearance changes, especially in men
Ear lobes sag, elongate, and wrinkle
Wiry, stiff, course hairs grow
Ear wax is more thick and dry
Age-related hearing loss occurs
Primarily lose ability to hear high-frequency sounds

Ear Changes

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Changes result in an increased risk for infection in older adults
Immunity is reduced at the cellular level
Oral temperature is lower
Decreased response to foreign antigens
Immunoglobulins increase

Immune Changes

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In performing a physical assessment for an older adult, the nurse anticipates finding which of the following normal physiological changes of aging? (Select all that apply.)

Irregular heart rate

Increased salivation

Reduced muscle mass

Decreased lower leg hair

Diminished bowel sounds

Question

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C, D—An irregular heart beat, increased salivation, and diminished bowel sounds are not associated with normal aging

Answer

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A nurse performing a health history on an older adult patient determines that further follow-up is required for which non–age-related finding?

Early feelings of satiety

Occasional constipation

Seeing halos around lights

Difficulty hearing some conversations

Question

*

C—Seeing halos around lights is not a normal age-related finding. It is a symptom of glaucoma, and follow-up is required.

Answer

*

The post Biological Theories of Aging and Age-Related Physical Changes appeared first on Infinite Essays.

Physician ordered Magnesium Sulfate bolus 4 grams in 100 mLs of LR to be given over 20 minutes. What rate should the nurse set the infusion pump at?

October 27, 2020/in Uncategorized /by admin

· The video does not need to be long as it is easier to upload a short video (1-2 minutes). Just make sure to complete all the requirements.

1) Dosage Calculation

Complete the dosage calculation practice test. To best prepare yourself for the dosage calculation test, only allow yourself to use a pencil and calculator. You will have 30 minutes to complete 10 questions for the actual dosage calculation test. You do not need to turn in the dosage calculation test. This is for you to practice. I will open the answers next week so that you can review your work.

Family Nursing Dosage Calculation Practice

1. Physician ordered Magnesium Sulfate bolus 4 grams in 100 mLs of LR to be given over 20 minutes. What rate should the nurse set the infusion pump at?

2. A two-month-old weighs 9.5 lbs and is prescribed Tylenol. Safe dosage is 10 to 15 mg/kg/dose every 6 hours. Liquid Tylenol strength is 5 mL=160 mg. What is the safe dosage range for this patient? If the dose ordered was 64 mg how many mL should be administered? Round to a whole number.

3. Your patient Zachary weighs 6 kg. He is prescribed rifampin 75 mg per nasogastric tube. You have rifampin 20 mg/mL suspension. How many mL will you give via the nasogastric tube? Round to the nearest 10th.

4. A Physician ordered Magnesium Sulfate 40 grams in 1,000mL of LR at a rate of 2g/hour for a woman in preterm labor. What rate should the infusion pump be set at? Should be a whole number.

5. Betony is a 2 ½ year old who is newly diagnosed with HIV infection. She is to be started on Retrovir 120 mg by mouth every 12 hours. She weighs 13 kg and is 90 cm long.

A. Using the formula for BSA calculate her body surface area:

BSA (m2) = Ht (cm) X Wt (kg) / 3600

B. Retrovir is prescribed on an individual basis ranging from 180 to 240 mg/m2 per dose every 12 hours. It comes in a concentration of 10 mg/mL.

Is her dose of 120 mg within the acceptable range?

How many mL with you administer?

6. Your patient Nicole is admitted with sepsis and you have an order for meperidine 29 mg intramuscular. A vial comes up Meperidine 100mg/ml. How many mL will you give? Round to the nearest 100th.

7. Your post-op patient has fentanyl 42 mcg intramuscular ordered. The vial you have is 250 mcg/mL. How much will you give? Round to the nearest 100th.

8. Your patient weighs 21 lbs. She has captopril 3 mg po QD ordered. The safe range is 0.3 to 0.5 mg /kg/day. You have Captopril solution 1mg/mL on hand. Is this dose within the safe dose range and if so how many mLs would you administer? Round to a whole number.

9. Your 5-year-old post op patient is having pain. The doctor wants to order fentanyl and ask for the safe dose range. Your patient weighs 53 lbs. The safe range for fentanyl is 1-2 mcg/kg. What would be a safe dose for this patient? The doctor wants to order 42 mcg, is this within the safe dose? You have an ampule that contains 50mcg/mL. How many mLs would you administer IV? Round to the 100th place.

10. Your patient has metoclopramide 0.68 mg po. You have metoclopramide syrup in a concentration of 5 mg/ 5 mL. How many mLs will you administer? Round to the nearest 100th.

11. You have oral Lasix 10 mg/ mL. The prescribed dose is 25 mg po once daily. Patient weighs 9.5 kg. The safe range for this medication is 1 to 6 mg/kg/day. How many mLs will you administer? Round to the nearest 10th.

The post Physician ordered Magnesium Sulfate bolus 4 grams in 100 mLs of LR to be given over 20 minutes. What rate should the nurse set the infusion pump at? appeared first on Infinite Essays.

Dosage Calculation

October 27, 2020/in Uncategorized /by admin

1) Dosage Calculation

Complete the dosage calculation practice test. To best prepare yourself for the dosage calculation test, only allow yourself to use a pencil and calculator. You will have 30 minutes to complete 10 questions for the actual dosage calculation test. You do not need to turn in the dosage calculation test. This is for you to practice. I will open the answers next week so that you can review your work.

Family Nursing Dosage Calculation Practice

1. A physician ordered Magnesium Sulfate bolus 4 grams in 100 MLS of LR to be given over 20 minutes. What rate should the nurse set the infusion pump at?

2. Your patient Zachary weighs 6 kg. He has prescribed rifampin 75 mg per nasogastric tube. You have rifampin 20 mg/mL suspension. How many mL will you give via the nasogastric tube? Round to the nearest 10th.

3. A Physician ordered Magnesium Sulfate 40 grams in 1,000mL of LR at a rate of 2g/hour for a woman in preterm labor. What rate should the infusion pump be set at? It should be a whole number.

4. Betony is a 2 ½-year-old who is newly diagnosed with HIV infection. She is to be started on Retroviral 120 mg by mouth every 12 hours. She weighs 13 kg and is 90 cm long.

A. Using the formula for BSA calculate her body surface area:

BSA (m2) = Ht (cm) X Wt. (kg) / 3600

B. Retroviral is prescribed on an individual basis ranging from 180 to 240 mg/m2 per dose every 12 hours. It comes in a concentration of 10 mg/mL.

Is her dose of 120 mg within the acceptable range?

How many mL with you administer?

5. Your patient Nicole is admitted with sepsis and you have an order for meperidine 29 mg intramuscular. A vial comes up Meperidine 100mg/ml. How many mL will you give? Round to the nearest 100th.

6. Your post-op patient has fentanyl 42 mcg intramuscular ordered. The vial you have is 250 mcg/mL. How much will you give? Round to the nearest 100th.

7. Your patient weighs 21 lbs. She has captopril 3 mg PO QD ordered. The safe range is 0.3 to 0.5 mg /kg/day. You have a Captopril solution 1mg/mL on hand. Is this dose within the safe dose range and if so how many MLS would you administer? Round to a whole number.

8. Your 5-year-old post-op patient is having pain. The doctor wants to order fentanyl and ask for the safe dose range. Your patient weighs 53 lbs. The safe range for fentanyl is 1-2 mcg/kg. What would be a safe dose for this patient? The doctor wants to order 42 mcg, is this within the safe dose? You have an ampule that contains 50mcg/mL. How many MLS would you administer IV? Round to the 100th place.

9. Your patient has metoclopramide 0.68 mg PO. You have metoclopramide syrup in a concentration of 5 mg/ 5 mL. How many MLS will you administer? Round to the nearest 100th.

10. You have oral Lasix 10 mg/ mL. The prescribed dose is 25 mg PO once daily. The patient weighs 9.5 kg. The safe range for this medication is 1 to 6 mg/kg/day. How many MLS will you administer? Round to the nearest 10th.

The post Dosage Calculation appeared first on Infinite Essays.

Explore the American Diabetes Association website. Click on the Research and Practice Tab to open a drop down menu – Practice Resources, which includes Patient Materials and Clinical Practice Guidelines. Explore other sections of this website which has many resources available.

October 27, 2020/in Uncategorized /by admin

Explore the American Diabetes Association website. Click on the Research and Practice Tab to open a drop down menu – Practice Resources, which includes Patient Materials and Clinical Practice Guidelines. Explore other sections of this website which has many resources available.

Post a summary of one of the articles or Clinical Practice Guidelines from the ADA website, related to care of the Diabetic patient. Discuss nursing clinical judgment, or functional abilities of the patient in regards to key risks, complications, or unique concerns related to care of the Diabetic patient. Post both 1st and 2nd responses online.

The post Explore the American Diabetes Association website. Click on the Research and Practice Tab to open a drop down menu – Practice Resources, which includes Patient Materials and Clinical Practice Guidelines. Explore other sections of this website which has many resources available. appeared first on Infinite Essays.

Biological Theories of Aging and Age-Related Physical Changes

Physician ordered Magnesium Sulfate bolus 4 grams in 100 mLs of LR to be given over 20 minutes. What rate should the nurse set the infusion pump at?

Dosage Calculation

Explore the American Diabetes Association website. Click on the Research and Practice Tab to open a drop down menu – Practice Resources, which includes Patient Materials and Clinical Practice Guidelines. Explore other sections of this website which has many resources available.

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