special media or rapid test kits for common pathogens
Your choice of topic may reflect your personal interests, support your career goals or nurture your inherent intuition and curiosity. Have enough time to gather literature, write, revise, revise some more, and turn in a scholarly paper. Maximum page limit is 10, double spaced, AMA (American Medical Association) format. – Presentations should be 7-10 minutes long and should include all pertinent information as per their literature review.
The Scientific Literature Review
OBJECTIVES/RATIONALE
Background research is a vital component of the scientific research process. The students will be able to locate, identify and critique key elements of scientific literature to discover what is known and what remains to be learned about a topic.
Books and articles are categorized as either primary or secondary sources. It is always more desirable to use primary sources whenever possible.
Primary sources are first-hand accounts of events Secondary sources are second-hand accounts.
The competent researcher never relies on secondary sources but always reviews the primary source as a check against possible errors. The researcher then makes records of the sources studied and summarizes the pertinent information found in each.
The most common and useful method for recording bibliographical information is to write the complete information for each publication on a separate 3X5 card (or file). These cards are kept in alphabetical order in a file to be a ready source to cite relevant works in the body of the research paper. The researcher must develop an orderly and systematic approach to coding their index cards. It is important to summarize an article or book using the same format each time. This will enable quick comparisons.
For an article, examine the author’s credentials, scan the hypothesis, and focus on the methods of research used (how the sample was selected and the data was analyzed). Read the conclusion and summary. Retain sound and pertinent articles. To summarize and record the information, note author, title, and year of publication.
• Title of article
• Authors name(s) – all authors MUST be recorded.
• Full reference – year of publication, FULL name of the journal or book, # of issue or edition and
page numbers.
• Summary of information of interest NOTE: no everything may be of importance to your
research, concentrate only on the issues that are pertinent to your work.
REVIEWS For the past three or four years you have learned how to review a scientific paper, now is time to learn how to use this information in a more productive form. Scientist must keep up with the advances on their area of interest by constantly reading new publications. This will give them an overview of what is being accomplished by the scientific community. Each individual paper you read will give you a piece of the puzzle. During this exercise, you will learn how to put all the pieces of the puzzle together as a BIG PICTURE – Scientific Literature Review.
ELEMENTS OF SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE
Title short, specific, clear
Introduction WHY are you doing this research?- state the propose of what you are expecting to find (Present tense), review the individual literature and compile what information already exists on this subject (background information reported by the papers you read regarding your topic)
Materials & Methods HOW was the research carried out? (Past tense) (design, target population, treatment, analytical methods —- brief explanation on how the different authors conducted their experiments) – compare their methods), please NOTE that this may not be appropriated for your research.
Results WHAT kind of results were reported by the papers you read (past tense) again, this may not apply to your research or it could be combine with your discussion and conclusion.
Discussion/Conclusions WHAT do the results published by the different researchers mean to you? (present tense)
References / Literature cited
Paper Guidelines: The project will be based on new literature, at least seven original research articles from scientific journals (primary source). Beside the new scientific literature (primary sources), background references like books, popular science magazines or older articles from science journals should be used to complete your work; to create the BIG PICTURE. (Minimum 10-12 references)
The steps required for the completion of the project are:
1. Sign-up for a topic provided by your instructor or if you have a particular topic or interest, you may clear it with your instructor. Due (in class) by the 2nd week of class. Please note that no two person will be allow to research the same topic.
• When deciding on a topic, you should ask yourself the question….. What do you want to know about
this subject? * Once you define your topic, you will not be allowed to change it.
- Find primary references – at least 7 original research scientific articles from reputable scientific journals (use the library services!). – NOTE: scientific reviews and mini-reviews are considered as secondary source. — Copies of the scientific papers PDF’s must be e-mailed to the instructor for approval no later than September 23, 2018. late delivers will be penalized
- NOTE that I cannot open any link! You must download the paper into your computer as a PDF file and then forward the PDF as an email attachment.
2. Read the papers (followed guide provided in the beginning of this assignment) and look for additional scientific articles and background material (minimum 10 references should be included on your paper).
• Prepare individual summary for each paper (like single pieces of a puzzle) write a two page “resume” in your own words for each reference. E-mail then to the instructor no later than October 6, 2018. – late delivers will be penalized
- Compile all your information to give an overview of the studies done in a particular area of interest. “the entire puzzle” —
- Start writing your scientific literature review. First draft must be e-mailed to your instructor no later than 11:59pm October 27, 2018.
- You may re-submit via e-mail working drafts until November 17. NO MORE DRAFTS WILL BE ACCEPTED AFTER THAT DAY. Make sure you have addressed all the recommendations and that your paper is free of grammatical errors and of good scientific quality as per the guide provided at the beginning of the assignment.
- Points to remember:
- You are not to review each paper independently. DO NOT DESCRIBE INDIVIDUAL RESEARCHES, YOU MUST SUMMARIZE AND COMPARE ALL THE PAPERS.
- You must compile all the information as a single unit
- Don’t forget to cite in text what each author have to say. When citing in text use author(s) name(s) coma and year of publication. e.g. (Johnson, 2015) or (Johnson & Smith, 2016) or if more than two authors use (Willey et al., 2014)
- It MUST include:
o Title page — (Title of your paper, your name and course number)
o Introduction (background information reported by the papers you read regarding your
topic)
o Material & Methods if appropriate to your topic (brief explanation on how the different
authors conducted their experiments) – compare their methods
o Result / Discussion what do the results published by the different researchers mean to
you. You may compare the data in tables, schemes or figures. BUT it has to be self- explanatory and created by YOU. (do not copy them from the literature – that is considered plagiarism!)
o Conclusion (what did you learn from your research) o Reference — In text references and literature cited.
In text references should be done by using the author(s) last name followed by a coma and the year of publication (ex. Johns, 2016; Johns & Willian, 2016; if more than three authors use the first authors name and et al. – Johns et al., 2016)
End of the paper reference (literature cited) can be written as follow…Make sure to write the name of all authors here. — do not use et al.!
• Authors’ names (last name, Initial(s).and ; between the authors and before the last one)) Year of publication. Article title (capitalize only the first letter of the first word and proper nouns), Journal name (in italic), Volume number; full page numbers.
o Li, B.; Li, W.; Chen, X.; Jiang, M.; and Dong, M. (2012). In vitro antibiofilm activity of the melanin from Auricularia auricula, an edible jelly mushroom. Annals of Microbiology, 62(4), 1523-1530.
• Article in an online journal: Author(s) (same as above). Year Title. Journal Name; volume (issue NO.):inclusive pages. URL [provide the URL in this field; no need to use “URL:” preceding it]. Published [date]. Updated [date]. Accessed [date].
o Drake A.J., Smith A., and Betts P.R., (2002). Type 2 Diabetes in Obese White Children. Archives of Disease in Childhood 86(3), 207-208. http://vsearch.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi- bin/query-meta?v:project=nlm-main-website&query=Archives+of+disease+in+childhood. Accessed April 5, 2016.
o Langer, S., D. Schropp,, F. R. Bengelsdorf,, M. Othman, and M. Kazda. 2014. Dynamics of biofilm formation during anaerobic digestion of organic waste. Anaerobe 29 , p 44-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.11.013. Accessed April 5, 2016
• When citing data from a Web site, include the following elements, if available, in the order shown below: Author(s), if given (often, no authors are given). Title of the specific item cited (if none is given, use the name of the organization responsible for the site). Name of the Web site. URL [provide URL and verify that the link still works as close as possible to publication]. Published [date]. Updated [date]. Accessed [date].
o Living With Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes.org. http://www.diabetes.org/living-with- diabetes/recently-diagnosed/living-with-type-1-diabetes.html. Published February 9, 2015. Accessed April 7, 2015.
o Why Immunize? cdc.gov. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/why.htm. Updated September 23, 2014. Accessed April 7, 2015.
o Yale University. Science Daily. http://www.sciencedaily.com/relesases/2015/01/1501733950. Published January 7, 2015. Accessed April 5, 2015.
• When referring to an entire book, not pages or specific sections, use the following format: References should include the last name and first and middle initials of the author(s), italicized title case format for all titles (capitalize all words except prepositions such as of, between, through), articles (such as a, the, and an), and conjunctions (such as but, and, or; however, capitalize them if they begin the title or the subtitle) the city and state of publication, the publisher, and the year of publication/creation.
o Silverstein A., Silverstein V.B., Nunn L.S. Cancer. Minneapolis, MN: Twenty-First Century Books; 2006.
o Maul-Mellott, S.K. and Adams, J.N. Childhood Cancer: A Nursing Overview. Boston, MA: Jones and Bartlett; 1987.
o Willey,J. M., L. M. Eherwood and C. J. Woolverton. Prescott’s MICROBIOLOGY 9th. Edition. McGraw-Hill. 2014.
• Chapters from books should be capitalized in the same format as journal articles (sentence case format) and should not use quotation marks. Additionally, inclusive page numbers for the each chapter should be provided. The title of the book, however, should be title cased and italicized, following the print book format. A colon should follow the publication date and no space should be provided between the colon or the page number(s) and hypen.
o Yagyu, S. and Iehara, T. MYCN nonamplified neuroblastoma: Detection of tumor-derived cell- free DNA in serum for predicting prognosis of neuroblastoma. In Hayat MA, ed. Pediatric Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis. Dordrecht, NY: Springer; 2013:11-17.
5. You must prepare the material to be presented to your classmates.
All Presentations (ppt, prezi, etc.. and an one page summary) regardless of your presentation date are due via e-mail to your instructor on November 25, 2018 NO EXCEPTIONS. Points will be deducted for late submissions
You will be presenting your topic during the class schedule time (based on the topic) and credit will be given for the presentation and for answered questions.
Presentations should be 7-10 min. long and should include all pertinent information as per their literature review.
A summary (one page) of your presentation should be prepared and e-mailed to your instructor before your presentation date for distribution to your classmates. All presentation materials will be included in your final examination.
6. Final paper is to be submitted via Safe-Assignment by 11:59PM DECEMBER 1, 2018- Once you submit it via Safe-assignment, you can no longer re-write it or fix it.
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