As you learned in Module 2, trends in crime are often measured in various ways to assist investigative agencies in detecting increases or decreases in criminal behavior. To ensure accuracy in collecting such data, agencies use a universally accepted vocabulary of terms and definitions that emerge from reporting crimes through the UCR and the NCVS. Arrests are also recorded as one means of determining enforcement efficiency and where arrests aren’t made, exceptional clearances are an accepted protocol if specific requirements are met.

Criminal investigations are typically progressive, meaning they all start with a set of unknowns that ultimately mature into clearer details about the crime, the offender, and the victim(s). For example, the differences between mass murder and serial homicide may not be immediately apparent, yet modern criminal investigative techniques can often lead to uncovering criminal acts that may begin as assault investigations but graduate into more violent crimes such as aggravated assault, homicide, or even serial murders if supporting evidence brings that potential to the investigation. The availability and use of advanced investigative methods might lead investigators to the identification and apprehension of offenders involved in more than simple assault. While technology is increasingly used to expand and enhance investigative techniques to apprehend violent killers, serial killers remain the most difficult violent offenders to apprehend, describe, and explain.

As you explore this module, consider how such things as trends in crime, recording statistics to measure efficiency, using a common vocabulary of terms, and how criminal investigations evolve can impact the pursuit of killers. In so doing, ask yourself and your colleagues: What are principal factors that allow serial killers to continue offending? How might law enforcement agencies adapt, to be more successful in catching these unique killers? Refer to course content to support your response.

The following guidelines pertain to all Discussion assignments.

1. Your original post should directly and clearly address all required elements of the topic, task, or question for the Discussion assignment.
2. Your response should advance the discussion, through critical thinking and application of the course content. (Ask questions, assess further considerations, provide a different point of view, etc.)
3. Write all posts (original or reply) in a professional manner, consistent with expectations for criminal justice professionals.
   a. Clearly express your thoughts,
   b. Contain no grammatical or spelling errors, and
   c. Properly cite all material created by another author, including pictures and
   websites.
4. Topics related to Criminal Violence are inherently difficult to discuss, especially in the context of a large fully-online course. Always follow the course Ground Rules for discussing difficult or controversial topics:
   a. Listen (or read) respectfully, with an ear to understanding others’ views.
   b. Criticize ideas, not individuals.
   c. Commit to learning, not debating. Comment in order to share information, not to persuade.
   d. Avoid blame, speculation, and inflammatory language.
   e. Avoid assumptions about any member of the class or generalizations about
   social groups.
   f. Support your statements. Use evidence and provide a rationale for your points.

REQUIRED TEXTS & MATERIALS:
● Riedel, M., Welsh, W. (2016) Criminal Violence: Patterns, Explanations, and
Interventions, Fourth Edition, New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-938613-0
● American Psychological Association. (2010) Publication manual of the American Psychological Association, Sixth edition, Washington, DC, American Psychological Association

• First, the writer needs to carefully read the topic and start writing the original post. (no minimum words required).
• Second, The writer needs to carefully read the students posts and reply to them directly. (no minimum words required).

There is no minimum words count required for the original post and the responses.

Rubric
Criteria for the original post:
Distinguished
Fully addresses question or topic. Applies critical thinking or problem solving. Includes credible resources information or research to support positions, conclusions, or perspectives. (50 Pts).

Criteria for the responses:
Distinguished
Consistently advances discussion of at least two colleagues. Uses lesson content to support positions, conclusions, or perspectives. Asks questions, assesses further considerations, provides a different point of view, etc. (30 Pts).

Professionalism for the original post and the responses:
Distinguished
Communicates in a professional manner, consistent with expectations for criminal justice professionals. No grammatical or spelling errors and thought is clear. Citations used on all material created by another author, including websites. (20 Pts).
Total (100 Pts).

1. Reply to: Dilma Lopez Post:
   I believe that all these factors, trends in crime, recording stats, use of common vocab. words, and criminal investigations have a huge impact in the pursuit of killers. For instance, if there is any discrepancies in a crime definition such as assault, then defense attorneys can use this in court in order to help their client’s case. It is important that a vocabulary term is defined correctly. Also, being able to determine any trend in crime can help detect unusual behavior and help in possibly finding a location for a suspect. Some factors that allow serial killers to continue to offend is the difficulty of identifying, locating and apprehending a suspect. Most serial killers are very careful at not leaving any evidence behind which is why crime investigations are so important. Police officers, investigators, etc. need to be very vigilant as well as thorough in their investigations in order to collect any evidence or trace that can be used to identify a suspect(s). If no evidence is found against a serial killer suspect, the suspect is then able to remain free and continue offending. Law enforcement should require more training and education. In the PowerPoint, some further explanations as to why serial killers offend include psychological and sociological disorders (Slide 16). Law enforcement should be trained and educated on these disorders as well as learn how to detect any unusual behavior and more should be taught regarding profiling. Also more resources such as advanced technology should be made available in order to assist in identifying possible suspects.

Reference:
Riedel, M., Welsh, W. (2016) Criminal Violence: Patterns, Explanations, and Interventions, Fourth Edition, New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Sullivan, John. (2019). CCJ4623 Chapter 4: Homicide and Assaults. Powerpoint

The writer needs to read Dilma Lopez post and reply to him directly by greeting him and starting to reply to him. He/she has to start by Hi or hello Dilma and so on. He/she needs to tell him were he/she agrees or disagrees with him in his post and why he/she is agrees or disagrees. He/she needs to provide feedback, examples, and or opinions and ask questions if any.

2. Reply to: Hayley Lofton:
   To address the first part of the question, serial killers usually continue offending because of the thrill. To them it is like a game. Majority of serial killers have some sort of mental issue, are attention seeking, or are looking for some type of thrill. A serial killers child hood also has a lot to do with how they behave. Many of them went through some type of trauma that effected them drastically through out their adult life. They’re smart. There is almost always a trend that links these people together. The main thing is that they all have a specific motive. There is something deep in them that drives them to continue. Each serial killer usually has a “type”. There is something that will be in common in all of their victims.

A big thing for law enforcement is how they can catch these people quicker. This question is hard. Serial killers are normal people. Most have a family. It’s hard to just point them out on the streets. I believe one of the most important ways they can be caught is to pay more attention to detail. With that being said it is also important to compare these new cases with older ones. As I stated before, there is usually a trend that links all of these people together. Many of them also copy cat off of each other. Finding a trend is the best way to figure out who they will strike next and when.

Law enforcement agents also have such a hard job dealing with these cases because they are triggering and traumatizing. Being able to keep a well headspace to focus on the case as a whole instead of getting personally involved is also a way to better the investigation. You can’t have people on sensitive cases like this that aren’t able to do their job without getting too emotionally invested. If a detective is able to focus their attention on detail it can be the difference between having someone caught and locked up, or having them roaming the streets able to strike again.

The writer needs to read Hayley Lofton post and reply to him directly by greeting him and starting to reply to him. He/she has to start by Hi or hello Hayley and so on. He/she needs to tell him were he/she agrees or disagrees with him in his post and why he/she is agrees or disagrees. He/she needs to provide feedback, examples, and or opinions and ask questions if any.

By completing this assignment, students will be able to:

• Identify the central differences between the UCR and the NCVS regarding homicides and assaults. (CO: 2)
• Identify the different definitions of homicides and assaults. (CO: 1 & 8)
• Describe the contributions of differing definitions to establishing crime patterns and trends. (CO: 1-5, & 8)
• Identify the processes involved in declaring arrest clearances. (CO: 2)
• Compare mass murder and serial homicide in terms of challenges to law enforcement. (1,5,6, & 8)
• Adhere to and demonstrate the rules of written expression and structure (CO: 1-8)

Sample Solution

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Abstract:
Vocal learning and labeling are unique features in animals used when they experience a particular incident or presence/absence of any objects. Bottlenose dolphins are known for their intelligence and extra-ordinary capability of training unique vocal patterns. They can train themselves through vocal learning early and then maintain this behavior throughout their lifespan. They are specialized in producing specific acoustic signal patterns, which are also known as signature whistles. This paper is organized to discuss the hypothesis of whether vocal training in bottlenose dolphins can be used for their identification and recognition. Different studies have been evaluated, strongly supporting this hypothesis by strong results from optical, behavioral, and acoustic measurements. It has been evaluated that vocal learning plays a significant role in bottlenose dolphins to identify and recognize them in a group and individually, yet there are strong arguments on the methods and results achieved so far by the researchers.

Introduction:
Animals have been part of studies and research for identifying results for specific tests before they can be applied to humans. Nevertheless, now this has evolved a whole new area of studying how, when, and why animals emit different sounds and behaviors when they communicate. Vocal labeling explains that animals report different incidents and the presence or absence of objects using acoustic signals with specific patterns. The property of producing specific whistles which can be distinguished for the communication and identity makes them appealing for such studies.
Labeling has been an essential feature in both human and nonhuman communication. Some patterns are very defined and specific to different animals since birth, like signals for food and alarm; these are many times confused with labeling (Hurford, 2007), (Seyfarth and Cheney, 1997), (Janik and Slater, 2000). Vocal production learning is an important branch that studies animals’ ability to copy sounds and patterns in their surroundings. They develop their repertoire of calls to communicate. This behavior has been observed in birds, bats, elephants, etc. (Janik and Slater, 1997), (Poole and Tyank, 2005) but only dolphins and parrots are capable of reproducing specific learned patterns to label and identify different objects and species in their environment (Pepperberg, 1981), (Richards, Wolz and Herman, 1984). Thus, experiments have been done to study these species’ communication patterns and systems to understand labeling and communication in animals.

Conclusion:
Bottlenose dolphins are one of the three main species of the Delphinidae. They have been a primary source of attraction for researchers due to their ability to train their vocal ability to stand distinctive in a group. Bottlenose dolphins’ characteristic to produce specific signature whistles has become an open area of research and studied. These signature whistles are specific acoustic signal patterns used to identify and recognize the owner or the whistler. A strong hypothesis has been evaluated in this paper, which unfolds the significance of vocal learning in identifying bottlenose dolphins. Strong arguments have been discussed from literature both for and against this hypothesis. It has been identified that more rigorous and realistic studies are required to successfully map the results of the artificial experimental setups to the real sea environments.

Sample Solution

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