A more recent method to treat mental illness is transorbital lobotomy. According to Shutts (1982), about

40,000 people underwent lobotomies in the 1940s and 1950s. It seems like a long time ago (in some ways,

it is), and it reflects a lack of understanding of basic brain functioning. You probably know more about the

brain than many of the people who performed lobotomies; they did so by inserting a thin rod between the

person’s eyeball and the eye socket bone until it reached the prefrontal area of the brain. This procedure

was often not conducted in hospitals but rather in people’s homes. Walter Freeman became famous for

carrying his equipment in his car, referred to as the “lobotomobile.” Used first on intractable

schizophrenics, the operation soon spread and was used on a variety of patients. Lobotomies did seem to

calm some schizophrenics, but the results were often disappointing. People who had a lobotomy often

displayed apathy, an inability to plan and take initiative, memory disorders, distractability, generally

blunted emotions, a loss of facial expression, and a loss of social inhibitions. Take a look at this:

It is important that any intervention be grounded in empirical scientific research. Suppose an experienced

neurosurgeon proposed “I have a lot of experience with brain surgery. I think that lobotomies could help

people with severe mental disorders that resist treatment. I can do it”. What are some research ethics

issues that should be considered? Put yourself in the shoes of the desperate person, wanting relief. What

should you know to make an informed decision? Do the benefits outweigh the risks?

Sample Solution

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1. Water is flowing with a velocity of 0.5 m/s in a pipeline having uniform cross sectional area
   and a length of (90+N) km, calculate the water retention time in the pipe line. (4 Points)
2. (a) If (1.5+N*0.1) mg/L chlorine concentration is maintained for 1 hour, then what is the
   CT value? (b) If one has to reduce the time of exposure to (25+N) min, what should be the
   chlorine concentration to achieve the same CT value? (c) If you have 105
   organisms per mL and if you achieve 3 log removal, how many organisms will remain in water? (9 Points)
3. There are two different suspended particles with settling velocities of 0.1 and 0.2 mm/s.
   The particles are present at 60:40 ratio with an overflow rate of (15+N*0.2) m/d. What is
   the overall removal efficiency of the system? (6 Points)
4. Determine the volume of a flocculation tank and the required power input using the
   following parameters: Water retention time is 15 minutes, water flow rate is (110+N*2)
   litre/sec, water temperature is 200 C. Assume the tank has equal length, width and depth. (5
   Points)

Sample Solution

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