G5 -1 Greece Guide Part 1Answers 1Bids 1Other questions 10

GUIDE 5 -1 (Part I)Unit 2                                                                                      Art of Ancient Greece                                          Apollo’s Temple at Delphi      This unit presents an important part of our course for it concerns with the very foundation of the Western civilization. We are going to spend more time in this section and work on two guides devoted to Greek art. Try to learn as much as you can.  Before you open your book, let us define the key term “classical that is being used in several senses.IN HISTORY·         Classical world of Greece and Rome –these two ancient civilizationsdeveloped such high standards and enduring models in art and life that this period in human history was named Classical. The civilizations of Greece and Rome are called classicalThe Greek and Roman cultures are called classicalGreco-Roman art is called classical·         Classicalperiod in Greece – one of the periods in the history of Greece marked by the highest artistic and cultural achievements.We will study it in the next Greek Guide (part 2). IN EVERYDAY LIFEI am sure these applications are better known to you but I want you to realize how they are related to their Greek origins.3.  We use the word ClassicalStyle when we talk about the taste or style based on the principles of clarity, harmony and order – standards that were set by Greek and Roman art.   4.   Finally, the general meaning of classical or classic would be ‘first ranking’,’the best of its kind’, and ‘enduring’.  Thus, a classic carmeans the finest and most renowned brand in the industry.  Am I correct? A dress can be classic as well as.  The Americans also use the word classy as a sort of Argo abbreviation when they talk about people whose demeanor and looks are proper and who hold themselves with dignity. It is not likely that we think about ancient Greeceand Rome when using these words today, is it? Yet, when we call anything classical we pay homage to the high standards of beauty, harmony, and ideal of perfection. And when we compliment someone’s style or demeanor we refer to the ancient Greeks and Romans who claimed the importance of responsibility,duty and integrity prescribed for every good person and citizen. Now let us begin reading about the celebrated civilizations that set the high classical standards for the millennium to come. Set a goal to learn as much as possible. Take advantage of any extracurricular opportunity. Thus, I would encourage you to watch this introductory video. It will be also helpful for the purpose of orientation in this extensive unit. Extra Credit Project:  Sum up 8 minutes of video in 8 statements (1 bonus point)Greek Art History from Goodbye-Art Academy Ancient Greek Art: 8-statement Review Notice that they start with the Classical period and after that go back to the beginning. Reminder: When you hear something that you want to put on paper, simply stop the video. Try a CC feature for subtitles/close captions and see if you findthem helpful (right lower corner).·         …·         .·         .·         .·         .·         .·         .·         . One more thing to keep in mind if you want to be scholarly minded students of history. Thereal story of Greece started earlier – in the Aegean world covered in the previous chapter./Now it is the time to open Chapter 3 CLASSICAL ART: GREECE AND ROME “… the glory that wasGreece …/Complete the well known line by Edgar Allan Poe (on top of page) The preface is so important that we will go though it together and in detail. “No other culture has had as far-reaching influence….(p. 45)      /Name the areas in which Greek influence can be felt in our modern world. *…  ‘Greece has asserted itself time and again over the 3,000 years since its birth'(p. 45)This phrase means that there were several revivals of the Classical style in the Western culture since it had developed 2,500 years ago in the Mediterranean world. You should know three major revivals of Greco-Roman culture. 1.      Renaissance:“During the___century, there was a revival of Greek art and culture…” /Indicate the century/(Renaissance began in Italy in the 1400s)2.      Neo-classical style:“On the eve of French Revolution of 1789…” What source of inspiration the artists turn to? Complete the phrase.You remember, of course, that the word neo means new. 3. Greek Revival style:“Our founders ….     /What our founders looked to when building the new American cities and towns? Next time when you go to Washington, look around to notice that you are surrounded by the Greek and Roman architecture – the National Gallery and other buildings along the Pennsylvania avenuelook exactly like classical temples.  But you do not even go that far – there are many houses with the Greek columns in your own town as well.                                 * * * * * * * * * Describe the historical relationship between Greece and Rome after Greece was conquered and absorbed by Rome. *… Hellenism– *[look up in Glossary] Let me add to this:  Hellenes – This is how the Greeks called themselves (after the mythical ancestorHellen).Hellas – this is how they called Greece.   GREECETo claim that we can get along without …/You are welcome to type yet another wise saying by the 19th century French artist Ingres.  The ideas of HUMANISM  and  DEMOCRACY were the most important contributions of the Greek thought to the Western civilization. The first time in the history the value was put on the individual. Besides these contributions there were another fundamental concepts that were introduced by the Greeks and have been used in European culture ever since. Define these basic concepts.Try to do it in a simple and clear way. Verbalize the notions how you understand them from the text.     ConceptMajor Concern         Define ConceptHUMANISM MAN*  RATIONALISM REASON*  REALISM /NATURALISM REALITY* IDEALISM BEAUTY/PERFECTION*   This section ends with an interesting thought true through the entire history of humankind.“As with many civilizations, the development of Greece…(p. 46)    /Complete Four major periods in the art history of ancient Greece spanned together about 1,000 years:GEOMETRIC period   – BirthARCHAIC period         – MaturationCLASSICAL period     – Perfection (Peak)HELLENISTIC period – Decline   Geometric Period   WHEN/ Dates   WHEN /Century      Historical Landmarks *    9th-8thB.C.First Olympic games held 776 B.C.Homeric epics Iliad and OdysseyPrecursor of the alphabet was createdA several invasions took place Why is this period called Geometric? – *  The Dipylon Vase as an example of the Geometric Style in Greek Art. (8th century B.C.) How did the vase receive its name?  – * What are the decorative motifs?  – * What scene is depicted in the central wider bands?  – *What do they mean when they say that the human figures are renderedin a “conceptual manner” and are “highly abstracted”? Depict how the human figureslook?  –  7th CENTURYB.C.   (700 – 600 B.C) – Aspan between Geometric and Archaic periods. (This period is not in your book)The Greeks undertook the expanded sea travels, visited Egypt and the Near East. This influence could be easily traced in Greek art of the followingArchaic period.For example, when you will be looking at the kouros(soon) see whether this statue of nude youth reminds you the Egyptian statues.  Archaic Period   WHEN/ Dates    WHEN /Century      Historical Landmarks  6th century B.C. This is approximate. But to be exact you would say:  late 7th  – early 5th centuriesB.C.Persian invasions 480 B.C. Burning of Acropolis by the Persians Greece expanded its trade Type in the dates in the left column and make sure you understand why these centuries and why “late 7th” and “early 5th.” I will not ask you this on the exam but take a chance  to practice. Archaic– *…   /What does this word means in Greek and why was it assigned to this particular period? (seeGlossary)   Vase PaintingArchaic period An impressive number of painted vases of various forms came down to us from ancient Greece.I put together a few most common types (not in your book) Kraters– a vessel used for mixingthe traditional Greek drink of wine mixedwithwater.By the way, this is how they would often drink wine in France to this day – diluted with water. There were many types of kraters. Volute krater – received its name because of the handles in form of volutes. Volute – any scroll-like design  Amphora – a type of ceramic vase with two handles and a long neck narrower than the body.Was used by the ancient Greeks and Romans to store and transport olive oil, wine, grain olives, etc.  Lekythos – a vessel forstoring oilNote: it has one handle and narrow neck.Kylix – a wine-drinking cup on a stemTondo- acircularpainted surface (in this case, inside the cup)“As the representations would be covered with wine, the scenes would only be revealed in stages as the wine was drained. They were often designed with this in mind, with scenes created so that they would surprise or titillate the drinker as they were revealed….” (Wikipedia) A couple of interesting facts: “Because the primary use for the kylix was at a symposium- a ‘drinking party’…, they are often decorated with scenes of a humorous, light-hearted, or sexual nature that would only become visible when the cup was drained. The word kylix is from theGreek kulix, ‘cup,’ which is cognate with Latin calix, the source of the English word ‘chalice.’ Image: Greek kylix (inside). Circa 500bc Depicted in the tondo: Dionysus gazing back at his (possibly empty) goblet.   On term vasesThere were a great variety of different types of Greek vessels traditionally called vases.  Thisis not exactly the right term because these ‘vases’ were not used for flowers or house decoration but had various  functions (see terms ‘krater’ and ‘lekythos’). The term came about only in the 18th century when there was a huge “fashion on Greeks”, the collected Greek vessels were used for decorating the palaces’ interiors, and they provided the models for the vase industry.This is why the shape of the vases that you have at home, look so much like the Greek vessels. When you look next time at the modern vase, think about its historical ancestor – Greek amphora that 3,000 years ago was in use in every Greek house for such a basic need as storing oil and wine. We observe the crucial changes in rendering the human figure in art of this period compared to the previous one – Geometric period. Vasewith Women working Wool on a Loom.Greek, c. 540 B.C.          Archaic Period From the Metropolitan Museum of Art[“A Closer Look”on page 48]*… – This type of the vessel was used forstoring oil. (Type name)Observe a beautiful composition, read the text and tell a story about the women weavers of Ancient Greece.·         .                /Type in the bulleted statements/·         .·         .Athenawas the patron goddess of *__(In addition to being one of the major divinities in the Greek Pantheon (ensemble of gods) Penelope – tell a story about this smart woman – a wife of legendary Odysseus.- *  Start reading “Vase Painting” section “During the Geometric period the human figurewas subordinated to decorative motifs, but in the Archaic period it became *­___/Complete/ Francois Vasepainted by Kleitias. Greek, c. 570 B.C.                                    ____ Archaic PeriodWhat type of vessel is it? -*             /Sum up 1st paragraph/ The entire body of the vessel is divided into six wide bands called__ Scenes feature__ Observe the human and animal figures on this vase and compare them to the figures on the Dipylon Vase(from Geometric period).What is new?-* -* Francois Vase.Boar hunting scene (detail)  Black-Figure Vasesof theArchaic periodIt is pretty clear why such a name came about, right?Figures are*… (color)Background is -*… (color)                                      /Read paragraphs 2- 3 and describe technique/Black-figured painting techniqueThree-stage firing process in the kiln:Stage 1:*  Stage 2:*Stage 3:*  Achilles and Ajax playing a dice gamepainted by Exekias. c. 530 bc Detail from an Athenian black-figure amphora Vatican Museums, Rome www.accd.edu/…/arthistory/arts1303/Greek2.htm Red-Figure Vasesof theClassical period The next stage in the history of vase-painting: Figures are *… (color)Background is – *… (color) Woman kneeling before an altar. Kylix by Chairias, ca. 510-500 BC. Ancient Agora Museum in Athens. (Read the very last sentence of theVase Painting section, page 49)*… -wine-drinking cup         /Name/ When this reversal techniquewas invented? – *  Which figures look more realistic – the silhouettes on the black-figure vases or the figures on the red-figured vases? – *  ArchitectureArchaic Period During theArchaic period, the major principles for architecture had been developed that continued to exist throughout ancient Greece as well as throughout the entire history of Western civilization./Sum up first paragraph/ Temple architecture      Megaron- *___ Cellain Greek temple is*___The overall shape of the temple was*___ (Model) GREEK ARCHITECTURAL ORDERSFor all unknown terms look in the Glossary at the end of your handbook and write down the definitions. This is a “must know” vocabulary. Three orders (or styles) in Greek architecture:***Doric order was             [Describe]*……*….*…. Ionic order has a capitalmade of scroll-shapedvolutes and….  **  Corinthian order:*  most complex base, *  capitalis made of carved acanthus leaves ending in volutes.  Whose favorite order was it? *[You will also see a lot of it in the American architecture] Capital of Corinthian column  Note:  it is the shape of capital that allows you to identify the orderTry to find a building built in the Classical style in your own town.  My guess would be that it is bank or court house.          ARCHITECTURAL ORDER Define architectural terms.  (Look up in Glossaryat the end of the book). Example:  Pediment – any triangularspace surrounded by cornices.  entablature Cornice- *                                                                                                                                  Frieze- *  Architrave- * Entablature- * cornice + frieze + architravealtogether make entablature  Capital  (head of the column)- *    Shaft- *.     Stylobate- *. Stereobate- *. /Look in the book for these twoelements/ /  SCULPTURE Archaic period’In the Archaic period, sculpture emerged as a principal art form.’  *  /What changed?/  Fallen Warriorfrom the temple at Aegina. C. 500 B.C.                         Which part of the temple was decorated by this sculpture?  – *  Stylization – By this moment you are supposed to come across this word thatyou have already met in the previous chapter.You should remember that this term is also related to theterms “conceptual’ (e.g., manner) and “conventional'(e.g., representation”). What do these terms mean? Use the sculpture ofFallen Warrior from the temple at Aeginaasan example of stylization.  Explain how you understand it.* Which part of the figure, do you think, is done more realistically – his body or head?*    The conventions are most obvious in the sculpting of the “mask-like” face. Describe them.* *    Notice a strange smile on his face(not exactly adequate for a dying man). It is called an “archaic smile”. You will come across this new term on the next page. Here we deal again with a conventional approach (not a naturalistic one).         Free-Standing Sculpture began to appear about* _KourosWhat type of statues received this name? –    */Who is depicted?What was its possible purpose? – *    Stylistic characteristics of kouros:Shape of the body – *   Fists are * Position of legs –  *  The parts of anatomy are *   “Kneecaps and muscles – *   Hair – *   What about the facial expression? -*  Archaic Smile- *  /Find the term in Glossary/This facial expression is better seen on Kore. There are several theories explaining the possible meaning of this somewhat mysterious smile.One of them asserts that the sculptors tried to give more live to the human face.There is yet another hypothesis– it suggests thatthe Greek sculptors intended to pass the state of being blessed and/or these figures could be the representations of gods.  As for the warrior’s smile, there might be some explanation found in the code of brave behavior, ability to endure physical suffering and value of personal honor by which the Greek men had been raised.  Kore What is different about Kore – a female counterpart of Kouros? – *  What was the material that theses statues were made of? – *Do they look the same way today as they looked 3,000 years ago? -*     TERMSPeplos – *  Encaustic- *       /Read about this unusual and very durable kind of paintin the glossary / “The Greeks made their gods into men and their men into gods”   (page 52)Indeed, the Greeks pictured their gods very much as human beings. Remember this when you look at the Greek statues and read the myths. At the same time, the humans depicted as perfect beings – the beautiful idealized figures.   When and how did the Archaic period end?  Make brief historical notes of the last paragraph.·          ·          ·           Naxos IslandIn conclusion of Greek Guide 5-1 Major artistic achievements of Archaic ArtVase painting      Black-Figure painting Red-Figured painting (developed at the end of Archaic period) Sculpture Kourosand Kore – Free-standing, life-size sculpture ArchitectureNew architectural format of temple Architectural Order- an architectural style Three orders: Doric, Ionic, Corinthian  Next Guide will continue the Greek theme -it will be devoted to the next two periods – Classical and Hellenistic. Take the Greek QUIZ (# 4) only after completion of both Greek guides.

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DUE TODAY!!!!!!!!! BY 5 PM TODAYAnswers 1Bids 1Other questions 10

Your assignment must answer the questions poised at the end of the scenario and written in APA format using a 12-point font.  CRJ 550Legal Issues in Criminal Justice Administration DRNC Scenario Background The following story is a fictional account of planning and preparation leading up to the mythical Democratic-Republican National Convention (DRNC) event in Miami, Florida.The story is loosely based on an amalgamation of real life occurrences in the lead up to the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) Conference in Miami, Florida in 2003.The names of all the characters in the story are fictional. As you read the story, keep in mind what ethical and legal issues are likely to arise.At the end of the story, you will be asked to respond to several questions related to this scenario.For the DRNC event, Miami-Dade has formed a Host Committee, similar to the model used for the Super Bowl Host Committees of the past.The Host Committee is a small group of 15 appointed personnel from various county and municipal agencies, as well as the private sector.Miami-Dade Police Department Director Melanie Duncan is one of the committee members.The Host Committee is chaired by Mr. Horace Copeland, a long-time assistant to the County Manager, Miguel Herrera.The purpose of the Host Committee is to plan for the overall event.As such, they are responsible for recommending policy, but not for enacting policy.The enactment of policy remains the ultimate responsibility of the Board of County Commissioners (BOCC).The Democratic-Republican National Party (DRNP) has designated Ms. Cassandra Armand as its chair of the DRNC’s Committee on Arrangements (COA).The COA is the main organizer from the DRNP for this event.Ms. Armand and Mr. Copeland from the Host Committee work hand-in-hand to plan this event and their recommendations to the BOCC carry considerable weight for policy formulation.Miami-Dade Police has been designated as the lead local agency and lead operational planner for the event security.This policy differs significantly from the 2003 FTAA in which the City of Miami was designated as the lead local agency.Since this event meets the criteria of a National Special Security Event (NSSE), the U.S. Secret Service has been designated as the lead coordinating agency with overarching statutory authority for the planning and execution of the event.Supervisory Special Agent Samantha Salerno has been appointed as the lead agent in-charge for the event.So far a few major planning decisions have been made.The American Airlines Arena in Downtown Miami has been selected as the location for the main event of the convention.Because of its proximity to the entrance to the Port of Miami, the selection of this arena poses some challenges regarding the balance between buffer zone security and the normal, day-to-day business of the Port, which includes cargo traffic, as well as cruise ship passenger traffic.Moreover, the local merchants of the adjacent stores in the Bayside Marketplace will also be affected by the week-long event.The high likelihood of protestors demonstrating at the event adds another significant factor to the policy planning process. Organization charts of the Host Committee and the Security Subcommittee are provided for your reference. Case Study – Meeting of the DRNC Host Committee’s Security Subcommittee The DRNC was only two months away and the pace of the planning activities leading up to it had increased noticeably.The Security Subcommittee chaired by Assistant Special Agent in-Charge (ASAC) Samantha Salerno, had been meeting on a monthly basis for the past nine months, but was now going to start meeting every two weeks as the start of the event was getting closer.This day’s meeting was being held at the Miami-Dade Police Department headquarters building and was hosted by committee member Melanie Duncan, the Director of the MDPD.ASAC Salerno was out of town for a meeting and was unable to attend.The meeting started promptly at 9 a.m. with a welcome from Director Duncan.None of the perfunctory introductions were necessary since most of the attendees present knew each other from the previous subcommittee meetings.However, this time Major Louis Warren brought two of his Task Force and Mobile Field Force Commanders with him, who had not attended this particular group’s meetings before.Warren introduced Captain Earl Bishop (Commander of Task Force 5) and Lieutenant Fred Hayes (Commander of “Juliet” Mobile Field Force).The first order of business had to do with the subcommittee’s consideration to the granting of permits regarding several different requests for rallies and parades in the proximity of the DRNC main venues.At the subcommittee’s previous meeting two weeks ago, the organization Root Cause had been granted a permit for a parade route through Downtown Miami on the third day of the DRNC event.That parade permit had been granted after considerable discussion and compromise between the parade organizers and City of Miami and Miami-Dade County officials.The agreed upon parade route would not come any nearer than two city blocks to either the American Airlines Arena (the main venue of the convention) or the Intercontinental Hotel (where many of the delegates and their families would be staying).In addition to that planned parade, the Security Subcommittee had also agreed to issue a permit for a rally by the AFL-CIO and the Teamsters trade unions at the nearby Bayfront Park Amphitheater on that same day.There were two other permit requests pending the Subcommittee’s review and recommendation.One was by the organization Amnesty International to stage a protest at the Torch of Friendship in front of the Bayfront Park Amphitheater, also on the third day of the event.Lastly, the organization Greenpeace had issued a statement of intent, but had not officially filed for a permit to conduct a protest at the Bayside Shopping Mall, adjacent to the Amphitheater.Major Warren turned to Captain Bishop and asked him for his opinion on the possible Greenpeace protest at Bayside.Bishop said, “I would strongly recommend that no permit be issued to Greenpeace if it is requested, and that they not be allowed to protest at Bayside.A protest of any type… by any group at Bayside would be way too close to the arena (American Airlines Arena) and could spillover onto the roadway that leads into the Port of Miami.That would lead to a major congestion at a critical choke point, and would in effect close down the Port.”Major Warren chimed in, “I agree with Earl… I think it would be a huge mistake to let this group so close to the main venue and to a critical infrastructure site such as the Port of Miami.We need to make sure that we keep that bottleneck open the entire week of the convention.”Captain Bishop added, “not only that Major… but at the Amphitheater for the AFL-CIO/Teamsters rally, we’ll be able to restrict backpacks from coming into the venue… but we won’t be able to do that at Bayside.It’s public shopping area, and legally we would have some problems with pat-down searches of backpacks.The protestors could sneak in all kinds of tools and weapons that can be used against us.We would be almost powerless to stop them.I strongly recommend that we do not issue any permits to demonstrate at Bayside for this and other reasons.”“Louis, where have you designated the ‘First Amendment Zones’?” asked Director Duncan.Major Warren responded, “the main First Amendment Zone is located just north of the arena, at Bicentennial Park.That’s the ideal place for it because it’s close to the main venue… it’s within line-of-sight… while at the same time, there’s a natural 200 foot wide cut-in harbor that provides a buffer of deep water in between the protestors and the delegates inside the Arena.We’ll have our Marine Patrol Unit and the Coast Guard sitting in between to make sure nobody tries to swim across.It’s perfect.”Warren continued, “the second First Amendment Zone is in front of the Torch of Friendship… where Amnesty International plans to protest. That’s where they intended to be back in 2003 for the FTAA, but if I recall correctly, only one guy showed up, and he kind of got swept up into the bigger crows that day.”“OK, thank you both.That sounds like a plan.I’ll take your recommendations to the full committee next week.Now, the next order of business has to do with several proposed expenditures,” said Director Duncan.Louis, I understand that you have a report for us?”“Yes… I’ll let Lieutenant Hayes speak to that. He’s been overseeing our logistics and supply efforts.Go ahead Fred… you’ve got the floor.”Lieutenant Hayes reported, “right now we’re in pretty good shape.We still have a lot of our CUT team tools left over from the FTAA in 2003, so we really don’t need to purchase any new items in that regard.That will save us over $70,000… so that’s the good news.”“How are we on Pepperball and other less-lethal munitions?” asked Major Warren.Hayes continued, “we’re good with Pepperball and OC spray… as you know, neither us nor the City are using SuperSock anymore… ever since that guy lost his eye during the FTAA.We’re all set with munitions, ballistic helmets, shields, and fire-retardant uniforms.The only new expense that we’re recommending right now it the purchase of two LRADs… Long Range Acoustic Devices.”Warren interrupted, “Fred, why don’t you briefly explain what an LRAD is, and how we plan to use it for the DRNC?”Hayes went on, “The Long Range Acoustic Device is basically a sound magnifier.Some of you in this room may recall that we had two on loan during the FTAA in 2003, but we never used them… unfortunately.I say unfortunately because we could have avoided a lot of criticism from the ACLU, the Independent Review Panel Report, and others had we been able to transmit our dispersal orders loud and clear to the protestors.Had the LRAD representative not gone home a day early and taken his two machines with him, we probably could have avoided a couple of lawsuits too.One of the biggest criticisms that we faced after the FTAA was that no one in the crowd heard the dispersal order broadcast by the on-scene captain from a standard megaphone.”Director Robert Waters from the Miami-Dade Fire Rescue Department (MDFRD), who was also present at the subcommittee meeting interrupted, “I thought the LRADs were a pain compliance tool.Aren’t they supposed to cause pain and discomfort to the protestors in order to get them to disperse?I heard that NYPD had used them to disperse some of the Occupy Wall Street protestors… and that there were some complaints of hearing loss.”“Yes sir,” answered Lieutenant Hayes.“When set at a very high setting, the LRAD can cause considerable pain and discomfort to anyone standing within its cone of sound… It is a dual use tool… it can be used like a super clear and powerful megaphone to project orders and instructions, but it can also be used as a pain compliance tool to encourage protestors to disperse.”“So you’re saying this LRAD thing is both a megaphone and a less-than-lethal weapon?” asked Director Waters.Hayes responded, “yes, in a way it is, but the company that sells them does not consider them to be a less-lethal weapon… it doesn’t rise to that level… at least according to them.”“Maybe so…” countered Director Waters,“but I’m concerned that in fixing one problem, we may be creating another one.I’m concerned about lawsuits from protestors claiming that the LRADs caused harm to their hearing… or even harm to our own officers for that matter.How can we make sure that the sound waves projected by the LRADs don’t hurt peoples’ hearing… protestors or frontline officers alike?”“Rob, you bring up some good questions,” Director Duncan interjected.“I think we need some more information on these LRADs before we can commit to buying two of them as Major Warren has recommended.I think we need to table this discussion for now until we research this more extensively.”“Director…” Major Warren broke in.“We only have a couple of months, and we’ll need to move fast on this decision.You know how slow the County procurement process can be… Besides, we’ll need a few weeks to take it out and field test it, and then train a few field force officers on how to use them.”Director Duncan replied, “well then Major… it sounds like you and your staff have a lot of work to do in a short period of time.Don’t worry about the procurement process…. Leave that up to me.If we decide to follow your recommendation for the purchase of two LRADs, we’ll get it done… but I need to know sooner, rather than later.”“Yes ma’am… we’ll report to you our findings before the next meeting two weeks from now” replied Major Warren.Shortly thereafter, the meeting concluded.The next meeting of the Security Subcommittee is scheduled for the same time, two weeks from this date.  Assignment InstructionsConsider the following questions associated with this story.You are to write an essay not to exceed 1,500 words that analyzes the legal and ethical ramifications of this case. Identify and analyze potential legal claims of a private citizen seriously injured by the use of the LRAD’s if the decision is made by the Sub-Committee to purchase them after relying solely on the manufacturer’s claims and instructions as to their use. Assume there was insufficient time to test the device and train officers in their use before the Convention. Assume that the Sub-Committee concluded that the value of the LRAD’s use in crowd control outweighed any risk of harm caused by their use.Discuss the potential liability of the individual officer using the device, the potential liability of the officer’s supervisor (in this case, Duncan) and the potential liability of Chairperson Selerno.Finally, what is your recommendation to Chairperson Salerno regarding this issue?  Identify and analyze any legal claims that might be triggered if the Sub-Committee decides to deny permission to Amnesty International to stage a protest at the Torch of Friendship which has been identified as the second First Amendment Zone. As a result of your analysis, what recommendation(s) would you make to Chairperson Salerno regarding the request?  Identify and analyze any legal claims that might arise if the Committee grants a permit to Greenpeace to conduct a protest at the shopping mall. If the permit is granted, can police lawfully conduct pat-downs and search bags of anyone in the area?Present the arguments for and against.As a result of your analysis, what recommendation(s) would you make to Chairperson Salerno regarding this permit request?  Resources:PowerPoint Organizational Charts for the DRNC Host Committee and Subcommittees found in DocSharing    Zoom OutZoom InFit to Width[removed] [removed] [removed] [removed] /5View as PageView as TextDownloadToggle Fullscreen

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When can get my assignment back?Answers 1Bids 1Other questions 10

Please read first because this Assignment is for correction. Please, read through the corrections before sending me messages. Because, if you don’t I will not response to your messages. Also, I will attached two more articles for whoever I choose to help me with this assignment. In addition, please, remove the introduction, and also attach a sample of a “Needs Assessment”      Topic Needs Assessment Title: HIV among Young Men Who Have Sex with Men         Section 1: Background InformationAll of this is opinion and needs to come out.Sex is seemingly as old as the world is. However, sex among men, and especially young men having sex with men has not always been in the books of history. This is arguably one of the latest practices, although some sources have claims of sex among men after the antediluvian period. While sex has positive effects such as procreation, there are some negative effects which include contraction of deadly sexually transmitted diseases. One such disease is HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS is an acronym for Human ImmunoDefiency Virus/ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome not capitalized. Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015) shows that while over one million people aged above 13 years of age were living with the disease in the US by the year 2014, with an average of 40,000 new infections are recorded each year (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015) when you use the word while…it indicates as opposite statement coming..and that is not what this sentence did. The high number of people who are ignorant about their HIV status and those who purposely choose to ignore it has continued to increase the risk levels for other uninfected people in the world, among them being young men who have sex with men isn’t it possible that they are one of the above?. In this areas and/or introduction…you should be discussing morbidity, mortality,….you need to highlight incidence is higher in this group than in othersIntroductionThe issue of young men having sex with other men has continued to be a thorny issue for a number of years, dividing the society between those who support this practice and those who oppose it. Supporters of young men having sex with other men argue that people have a right to decide their sexual orientation and preferences without undue pressure from external forces. However, those who oppose this practice argue that it emanated from social decay and as such should not be supported. One common point of agreement between these two camps is that the practice of young men having sex with men is risk and has the capability to cause grave danger to these men. opinionAlthough sex even among heterosexual could turn out to be risk and a cause of contraction of dangerous sexually transmitted diseases and infections, the risk of contraction of such health complications is doubly higher among young men who have sex with other men. <make this more succinct so that it moves into the risk factors.There are several reasons that contribute to this increased risk level which includes lack of health education, lack of safe and effective delivery of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP), homelessness, and poverty.   Risk Factors:            Lack of health education is where lower pay and fewer assets imply that individuals with less instruction will probably live in low-wage neighborhoods that do not have the assets for good education wellbeing lack of health education has nothing to do with poverty? Lack of education might?  Also you cannot say will probably…you need to state a fact and support it with evidence from your reading.  I am not sure there is “evidence” that lack of health education puts this group more at risk than other groups.. For example, most young men of color who do have sex with men are high school dropouts, from low wage homes (Dawn et al, 2012). [Just made this correction citation?] Where did you get this fact?<this is supporting poverty, lack of employment, lack of education…not lack of health education?, and see it as a means of survival with good knowledge or education of the end result. HIV/AIDS is an acronym for Human ImmunoDefiency Virus/ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. This is one of the deadliest sexually transmitted diseases which acts by weakening a patient’s immune system to a point where it cannot fight even the weakest virus or bacterial infection. As a result, the victim falls prey to any infection that comes their way, often referred to as opportunistic disease that in most of the HIV cases result to the death of the victim. Young men who have sex with men (YMSM) seem to worst hit by the HIV/AIDS pandemic, seeing that in the year 2009, the vast majority of new infections, up to 64% of the infections, were recorded among the people in this group (Dawn et al, 2012). While there are many ways of preventing contraction of the disease or even boosting the immune response in order to suppress the effects of the viral disease, the causes and risk factors associated with this disease are overwhelmingly numerous as will be discussed below. <this should not be here…the only thing you should have in this section of your paper is the discussion of the risk factors you ID above.    Also…eliminate terms like victim, prey…this needs to be factual, not opinionated or editorialized.Lack of safe and effective delivery of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) to the young men who have sex with men is one of the problematic issues facing the young men who have sex with other men. Being a high risk practice, these young men who have sex with other men need to adhere to the effective and proper use of preventive drugs in order to keep them safe from contracting some sexually transmitted diseases. In as much as the government realizes this, there are no proven? effective strategies to ensure that these people access and use their medications I think there is?. One thing that should be appreciated is that while the medications may not be accessible to all, they are sometimes provided free of charge or at subsidized prices in most of the facilities where they are available. Some of the facilities, however, are located in places where they are unreachable. Some regions have just a few medical facilities reword, a factor that to a very large extent denies YMSM access to the medications. It seemingly does not make sense to many people who are in eminent danger of HIV infection the reason why they should travel for long, distance, to access drugs they are not even sure they might require, since some are ignorant about the danger they are exposed to. Therefore, the distance between the people and the facilities where they can access the Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis makes the delivery method ineffective. There are some other issues that make access difficult…they are very important.In other places where the medical facilities that provide the supplement and medications are often situated at inconvenient locations. The inconvenience of these places could be in terms of their openness that makes the people in danger feel embarrassed to access them, or too hidden that they can hardly be found.this needs rewording…this is all true, but needs to be stated more clearly and more directly related to access. When such facilities are located at inconvenient places, access to antiretroviral medications and other prophylaxis drugs is not effective, compounding the already delicate situation among the young men who have sex with other men. There are many other reasons why sometimes the young men that have sex with other men may not be able to access preventive medication, a factor which puts them at greater risk of easily contracting sexually transmitted diseases. It is quite alarming to notice that the number of new infections among young men who have sex with men increased to a whopping <use objective terminiology/prose 48% in the 4-year period between 2006 and 2009, most of these men being in their early and late teen years(Dawn et al, 2012). Poverty is a high-risk factor for young men who have sex with men. Poverty denies the young men and opportunity to secure a health insuranceisn’t health insurance an accessibility issue? Poor people can get medicaid???? cover in order to make them access proper medical assistance to help prevent infection with HIV, or manage the disease once infected. As reported by Dawn K. Smith and his colleagues (year), increasing cost of medication has the potential to hinder people from being willing to pay for Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis drugs. In the study, most participants felt that a price above $50 for the drugs within one month would hinder them from having the willingness to buy the drugs. Even then, some of the participants felt that there is need for a further price reduction in order to ensure the drugs are accessible to most people. Poverty further makes the young men become subject to sexual manipulation by other people in exchange for a few financial favors, exposing them to great risk of infection (Abara et al, 2017). Your risk factors include homelessness (which should be discussed before poverty…and then there are no other factors listed above…so there should not be any risk factors discussed after poverty.  If it is a risk factor you are addressing…put it above…if not….take the rest of this out.High drop-out rate from high schoolnot listed above? is one of the most notorious risk factors for young men who have sex with men. Dropping out of schools could be caused by several factors such as lack of money to pay for school services, peer pressure, lack of motivation due to constant failure or even poverty<t. Whatever the reason, dropping out of school exposes a young man to a life of joblessness, in that they have nothing to keep their minds occupied. As a result, the excessive free time and the urge to make quick money act as catalysts for these men to consider engaging in risky sexual behaviors<rephrase more succinctly. Irresponsiblevalue laden?  sexual activities such as these do not often have enough time to consider evaluating the consequences of the actions taken, as a result, the drop out continually engages in risky sexual behavior such as bare backing or failure to adhere to the use of antiretroviral drugs<this is important, but it is not related to high school drop outs., a move that puts them in grave danger of contracting not only one strain of HIV but several strains as they progress with the activities. In addition, most drops out are closely linked to local gangsnot listed as a risk factor—I didn’t read this section. who view irresponsible living as their emblem to gain the feeling of social equality. As a result, members of such a gang will be doubly exposed to the infection of HIV through irresponsible sexual behaviors more than those who are still in school and not members of such gangs. Missing out on school also exposes the young men to the danger of contracting HIV since they alienate themselves from accessing school-based HIV prevention facilities which would have been of great help to them had they remained in school.Homeless out of order youth are more exposed to risky sexual behaviors that expose them to infection with HIV. Being homeless, these people are hardly ever located at a constant place, hence they might have difficulty locating the nearest health center where they can access medical assistance whenever they need the assistance (Abara et al, 2017). In addition, being homeless exposes the young men who have sex with men to sexual predators who will stop at nothing short of harassing the vulnerable young men for sexual desires. When this happens, an act that would arguably be considered as rape, these young men may be exposed to grave danger such as infection with HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. In addition, the trauma associated with such a forceful action may inhibit the young men from speaking up and thus accessing medical assistance. Homeless youths are also exposed to dangers of HIV because of the fact that they have no specific place to sleep hence may be forced to go to any extent, even having sex with people they do not know just so that they can have a place to sleep. The high level of desperation exposes the young men to manipulation by other irresponsible people. Get rid of value laden speech and make more succinct and pointed.High unemployment did not read..not listed above rate is another risk factor that has continued to inhibit the successful taming of the spread and management of HIV among young men who have sex with other men. During the study of the attitudes and program preferences of African-American urban young adults about Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP), the researchers found that among the teens boys who had sex with other men mainly in regions with high risk levels, only a few were covered by a private insurance cover, and while more were covered by a public health insurance cover, some of them were still not covered by any. The main reason why these young men were unable to access medical help was because they simply could not afford it (Dawn et al, 2012). Being unemployed and thus with scarce monetary resources, the little money that the young men is directed to better uses, some of which are physically more pressing that a scare about a disease whose manifestations the victims cannot see. Unemployment and thus lack of money did not only hinder the young men from securing a health insurance, but also from accessing medical facilities to receive treatment. Traveling to medical facilities far from one’s location was difficult since it requires one to have enough money to cater for traveling and even food during the travel. This monetary demand hit the unemployed youths very hard that they opted to ignore the amount of risk they were exposed to.The HIV pandemic is continuing to devourWC is not objective thousands by the day, and if it is not tamed any time soon, there is a possibility that even more young men, especially those who have sex with men will fall prey to the disease. There is need for all concerned stakeholders to come up and develop strategies and programs that address this public health issues.  that will be of great help in helping the young men who have sex with other men to come out of the danger zone. Other successful programs at YMSMThe program that has managed content analysis of the YMSM breakout and preventions sessions involved the dictation and coding of verbal and written manuscript verbatim into categorical thematic units. Once the text is write down and categorically implied, the constant comparison method is utilized to document similarities and dissimilarities in the text and themes that emerged through content analyses of the breakout and prevention discussion sessions<this makes no sense in relation to programming…do you know what this means? What is the citation?. The constant comparison method also captured patterns and prominent themes that emerged from the merging of transcribed YMSM text and dissection of transcribed YMSM text into thematic units. Following the constant comparison of thematic units, several memos are created to summarize the results of the breakout session discussions’ categorical thematic units. Finally, the triangulation was performed through the simultaneous analysis of the categorized thematic units, DVD-recorded summary of the breakout and prevention discussion, and other sources of data (Isbell, MT., 2010)This programs include information about partner reduction, gauging one’s own predisposition, the relative risk of specific behaviors (e.g., anal sex vs. oral sex), and other ways to reduce HIV risk beyond abstinence and condom use. Recent studies show the promise of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) for preventing HIV infection, but research efforts suffer from disproportionately low representation of the youth who are most at risk. Youth-focused research is critical and should include behavioral, community, and biomedical interventions to create a comprehensive HIV prevention package.Not clear…either get this re-worded to describe the program more clearly or eliminate it.Section 2: Purpose of the GrantThe purpose of this program is to increase the percentage of YMSM of color and YTG persons of color with diagnosed HIV infection who are virally suppressed, reduce HIV incidence among YMSM of color and YTG persons of color, reduce the death rate among YMSM of color and YTG persons of color with diagnosed HIV infection, and reduce HIV-related disparities in incidence, morbidity, and viral suppression among YMSM of color and YTG persons of color (CDC,2016).Section 3: ResourcesMost of the assets spent keeping up with the brilliant educators required by the FOA PS17-1704. This program is to strengthen the capacity of funded health departments and their collaborative partners (e.g., community-based organizations, clinics, behavioral health and social services providers, patient navigators, and others that interface with MSM of color) to plan, implement, and sustain (through ongoing engagement, assessment, linkage, and retention) comprehensive prevention, care, behavioral health, and social services models for MSM of color at risk for and living with HIV infection as supported. Grantees are likewise constrained in the utilization of system dollars (topped at 48%) to cover a large number of managerial expenses (CDC, 2016). These costs, which are generally on the ascent, include: Resources needed to make this program effective includeØ  Education – Lack of health education Ø  Engagement – PovertyØ  Health Insurance- Lack of safe and effective delivery of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP),Ø  Organization-Includes homeless This doesn’t make sense to me—what resources do you need?  Are you planning to buy health insurance for people / is that allowed in this grant? You need to tell me what you need (people, things)…..this is too vague for me to comment. Section 4: SummaryThis should be a summary of your paper…explain the problem, morbidity, mortality, incidence, prevalence-in 2-3 sentences.  ID the risk factors, make a statement about programming.       There is different in accomplishment between young men of color who do have sex with men with HIV positive and of those who are negative but still engage in act. Morbidity in the metropolitan statistical areas with 48% Black and/or Hispanic YMSM living with diagnosed HIV (CDC, 2016)NS not a sentence. Will be focused on MSAs is likely to targeted areas where most YMSM are accessible. Threshold of 48% Black and/or Hispanic YMSM ensures that the participant pool is large enough to have a robust demonstration of the comprehensive prevention and care service models. The mortality rates as reported in the State Progress Report and that have 24% Black and/or Hispanic YMSM living with diagnosed HIV in a specified MSA (CDC, 2016).        The study shows that relatively small change will have a major positive impact on the epidemic. Several areas with heavy HIV burdens will see needed increases in prevention funding, including many states and several major cities. While other areas will see decreases, CDC is taking steps to minimize disruptions due to shifts in funding. The new method for allocating resources incorporates a minimum funding level, to ensure that all jurisdictions, regardless of HIV burden, can continue to provide basic HIV prevention services. Funding shifts for all jurisdictions both increases and decreases will be phased in over five years, to allow health departments time to adjust strategies and infrastructure as necessary what you have here doesn’t summarize your paper..   ReferencesAbara, W., Hess, K., Neblett Fanfair, R., Bernstein, K., & Paz-Bailey, G. (2017).   Syphilis Trends among Men Who Have Sex with Men in the United States and   Western Europe: A Systematic Review of Trend Studies Published between 2004         and 2015.        This is a journal? ???? if this were a book it would have a publisher, if it were a journal…it would have a title?            http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/metrics?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0159309    #cited HeaderDawn, K. Smith., Toledo, L., Jo Smith, D., Anne Adams, M., & Rothenberg, R. (2012). Attitudes and program preferences of African-American urban young adults about pre-exposure prophylaxis (prep) (1st ed.). Atlanta: The Guilford Press.Experiences of community and parental violence among HIV-positive young racial/ethnic minority men who have sex with men: AIDS Care: Vol 26, No 7. (2017). There is something wrong withthis…you have it listed as a 1st edition book and as an article in AIDS Care????    http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09540121.2013.861571 Kuhns, L. M., Birkett, M., Mustanski, B., Muth, S. Q., Latkin, C., Ortiz-Estes, I., & Garofalo, R. (2015). Methods for collection of participant-aided sociograms for the study of social, sexual and substance-using networks among young men who have sex with men. Connections what is the #?(02261766), 35(1), 37-50.                          http://insna.org/connections/v35/v35_1.htmlIsbell, MT., HIV Prevention for gay men and men who have sex with men.Development of a Comprehensive Policy Agenda. AmfAR and Trust for America’s Health, 2010.http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/publications/publications-a-z/547-hivstd-prevention-and-young-men-who-have-sex-with-men

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Biology journal assignment in APA formatAnswers 1Bids 1Other questions 10

I have an article about bioactives in blueberries along with the requirements page that has questions to be answered. There are specific questions that have to be answered. The paper has to be 2-4 pages in APA format. It is due at 3pm eastern time today. I copied both papers, the article and requirements page on here along with also uploading them.  The article is:  Bioactives in Blueberries Improve Insulin Sensitivity in Obese, Insulin-Resistant Men and Women1–4April J. Stull, Katherine C. Cash, William D. Johnson, Catherine M. Champagne, and William T. Cefalu*Center for the Study of Botanicals and Metabolic Syndrome, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808AbstractDietary supplementation with whole blueberries in a preclinical study resulted in a reduction in glucose concentrations over time. We sought to evaluate the effect of daily dietary supplementation with bioactives from blueberries on whole-body insulin sensitivity in men and women. A double-blinded, randomized, and placebo-controlled clinical study design was used. After screening to resolve study eligibility, baseline (wk 0) insulin sensitivity was measured on 32 obese, nondiabetic, and insulin-resistant subjects using a high-dose hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (insulin infusion of 120 mU(861 pmol)×m22×min21). Serum inflammatory biomarkers and adiposity were measured at baseline. At the end of the study, insulin sensitivity, inflammatory biomarkers, and adiposity were reassessed. Participants were randomized to consume either a smoothie containing 22.5 g blueberry bioactives (blueberry group, n = 15) or a smoothie of equal nutritional value without added blueberry bioactives (placebo group, n = 17) twice daily for 6 wk. Both groups were instructed to maintain their body weight by reducing ad libitum intake by an amount equal to the energy intake of the smoothies. Participants’ body weights were evaluated weekly and 3-d food records were collected at baseline, the middle, and end of the study. The mean change in insulin sensitivity improved more in the blueberry group (1.7 6 0.5 mg×kg FFM21×min21) than in the placebo group (0.4 6 0.4 mg×kg FFM21×min21)(P = 0.04). Insulin sensitivity was enhanced in the blueberry group at the end of the study without significant changes in adiposity, energy intake, and inflammatory biomarkers. In conclusion, daily dietary supplementation with bioactives from whole blueberries improved insulin sensitivity in obese, nondiabetic, and insulin-resistant participants. J. Nutr. 140: 1764–1768, 2010.IntroductionIncreased consumption of berries has been shown to improve cognitive function, risk of cardiovascular disease, and cancer (1,2). Studies have also reported that specific berries, i.e., blueberries, have antidiabetic effects. Specifically, a study performed in mice (3) found that supplementation withwhole blueberries reduced the blood glucose area under the curve (AUC)5 in vivo and cell culture studies (4,5) demonstrated increased glucose uptake in vitro (6). In addition, inflammatory genes have been reduced in mice after consuming blueberry bioactives, which suggests an antiinflammatory response (3). The purported health benefits from blueberries have been attributed to their phenolic bioactive compounds, such as anthocyanins, which also have antioxidant properties (6–8). Given the concern regarding the ability to greatly increase and maintain an individual’s fruit and vegetable consumption over a long-term period (9), the role of dietary supplementation with bioactive components in blueberries remains a very attractive and feasible daily dietary intervention. To the best of our knowledge, there is no human research that has reported on the efficacy of increased blueberry bioactive consumption on insulin sensitivity by using the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp technique (10), which is the gold standard for measuring in1 Supported in part by the NIH training grant T32 AT004094 (supporting A.J.S.), by the United States Highbush Blueberry Council, and P50AT002776-01 from the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine and the Office of Dietary Supplements (W.T.C.), which funds the Botanical Research Center of Pennington Biomedical Research Center and The Biotech Center of Rutgers University. This project used facilities that are supported in part by Centers of Biomedical Research Excellence (NIH P20-RR021945) and Clinical Nutrition Research Unit (NIH 1P30-DK072476) center grants from the NIH. 2 Author disclosures: A.J.Stull,K.C. Cash,W. D. Johnson, andC. M.Champagne, no conflicts of interest. W. T. Cefalu received research funds from the United States Highbush Blueberry Council. 3 This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01005420. 4 Supplemental Figure 1 and Table 1 are available with the online posting of this paper at jn.nutrition.org. * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected] edu.5 Abbreviations used: AUC, area under the curve; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; TNFa, tumor necrosis factor-a.ã 2010 American Society for Nutrition. 1764 Manuscript received April 13, 2010. Initial review completed May 18, 2010. Revision accepted July 12, 2010. First published online August 19, 2010; doi:10.3945/jn.110.125336. by guest on January 11, 2014jn.nutrition.orgDownloaded from 6.DC1.html http://jn.nutrition.org/content/suppl/2010/09/20/jn.110.12533 Supplemental Material can be found at:vivo insulin action. Therefore, this project’s overall objective was to examine the role of dietary supplementation with bioactives in freeze-dried whole blueberry powder on insulin action in vivo with the use of hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps in individuals who were obese, nondiabetic, and insulin resistant. We hypothesized that increased daily consumption of blueberry bioactives, based on preclinical data, would be effective in increasing insulin action in vivo and ultimately result in improved insulin sensitivity in a human population at high risk for type 2 diabetes.Subjects and MethodsSubjects. Participants inthe study were recruited fromthe Greater Baton Rouge area. A total of 32 men and women completed all evaluations (Supplemental Fig. 1). Those included were adults ($20 y old), obese (BMI between 32 and 45 kg/m2), and insulin resistant (nondiabetic). The exclusion criteria included: 1) diabetes; no diabetes status was confirmed by a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test; 2) medications known to affect glucose metabolism; 3) untreated thyroid or chronic liver, renal, or cardiovascular disease; 4) a history of drug and/or alcohol abuse, or psychiatric disease prohibiting adherence to study protocol; 5) history of allergic reactions to blueberries; 6) consuming berries, grapes, and wine .3 times/wk; and 7) fluctuation in body weight . 5% in the preceding 2 mo. The Institutional Review Board for human subjects at Pennington Biomedical Research Center reviewed and approved the study protocol. All participants gave written consent prior to starting the study.Study design.This study design was double blinded, placebo-controlled, and randomized. All study evaluations and measurementswere performed onparticipantsthat had fasted for 10h. Aweekwasdefined as7 d (6 2 d).Clinical intervention and source of whole blueberry bioactives. The freeze-dried whole blueberry powder was prepared by the United States Highbush Blueberry Council (USDA oversight). The whole blueberry powder was made from a 50/50 mixture of 2 varieties of highbush blueberries, Tifblue (Vaccinium ashei) and Rubel (Vaccinium corymbosum). The whole blueberries were freeze-dried, milled, and stored in aluminum cans under nitrogen. Based on the compositional analysis, the 45 g of blueberry powder contained 1462 mg of total phenolics, 668 mg of anthocyanins, and 16.02 mmol TE of antioxidants (oxygen radical absorbance capacity). Also, the 45 g of blueberry powder that was provided to the participants equated to an amount of bioactives in ~2 cups of fresh whole blueberries. After the participants were assessed as being insulin resistant (glucose disposal rate # 650 mg/min), they were randomized to receive twice daily a smoothie with blueberry bioactives added or an identical smoothie without blueberry bioactives (i.e., placebo) (Supplemental Table 1). The participants were instructed to consume 1 smoothie at breakfast meals and the other smoothie at dinner meals (at least 6 h apart). The smoothies were prepared in the metabolic kitchen and a week’s supply of frozen smoothies was provided in a cooler for the participants to pick up at each weekly visit. Participants were instructed to keep the smoothies frozen, thaw them in the refrigerator, avoid exposing them to direct heat, and avoid adding any other ingredients to them. For study compliance, the participants verbally reported their smoothie consumption to the dietitian at each visit. A compliance of .75% was mandatory for continued participation in the study.Physiologic assessments. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps (10) were performed to assess insulin sensitivity after a 10-h fast. Participants were admitted into the inpatient research unit the evening prior to their insulin sensitivity testing day and consumed a eucaloric standardized meal (50% carbohydrates, 35% fat, and 15% protein). The next morning, an i.v. catheter was placed in an antecubital vein for infusion of insulin and glucose. A second catheter was inserted in a dorsal vein of the contralateral arm for blood withdrawal. The hand was placed between aheating pad for arterialization of venous blood sampling. During the 45 min prior to the clamp, bloodsamples were collected every 15 min for glucose and insulin. Then insulin was administered at a primedcontinuous infusion rate of 120 mU(861 pmol)×m22×min21 for 2 h and blood samples were collected every 5 min for glucose and every 15 min for insulin during this period. Serum insulin was measured by a Siemens Immulite 2000 using immunoassay with chemiluminescent. A variable infusionof dextrose (20% solution) was given to maintainserum glucose concentrations at ;5.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL). Arterialized serum glucose was measured using a YSI 2300 Stat Plus glucose analyzer (model no. 2300 STAT Plus D) and Beckman Coulter DXC600. During the steady state (last 30 min of clamp), the mean rate of exogenous glucose infusion was corrected for changes in glycemia and divided by fat-free mass to assess insulin sensitivity.Body weight/fat distribution. Fat-free mass, fat mass, and body fat percentage were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry with CV for measurements assessed at 0.6, 1.1, and 1.1%, respectively. Overall, biologic, instrument, and reader variability was assessed at ~10%.Serum inflammatory biomarkers and lipids. During the baseline of the clamp, blood was collected for measuring serum inflammatory biomarkers, including high sensitivityC-reactive protein (hsCRP), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNFa), and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1). TNFa and MCP-1 were measured on a Luminex system using kits from Millipore. High sensitivity C-reactive protein was measured by automated immunoassay as assessed on a Siemens 2000 instrument. In addition, the serum lipid profile was measured (triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol). Triglycerides and total cholesterol were measured by using a Beckman Coulter DXC600 and HDL-cholesterol was measured by using a Trinity DXC600. LDL-cholesterol was based on a calculation [cholesterol 2 (1/ 5 triglycerides) – HDL].Food records and questionnaires. At the screening visits, a registered dietitian instructed participants to record a detailed 3-d food record (i.e., 2 weekdays and 1 weekend day). Participants were asked to provide labels and/or recipes for accuracy of the food records. The dietitian reviewed the food records for accuracy and completeness. Based on their eating patterns and usual intake, participants were counseled by the dietitian on ways to remove ~2000 kJ/d (500 kcal/d) from their daily intake to compensate for the energy consumed in the blueberry and placebo smoothies. Food records were also administered at the midpoint and end of the study. The food records were analyzed using the Pennington Biomedical Research Center’s Food Diary Program (Pennington Biomedical Research Foundation). Participants were asked to maintain their current body weight and physical activity or they would be eliminated from the study. The participants’ body weights were measured weekly to monitor weight maintenance. A change of $1 kg of body weight was addressed by the dietitian and proper counseling was provided. They also reported adverse events and changes in medication during the study. The smoothie rating and fruit/wine questionnaires were also used in the study. Before starting the study, participants were given the opportunity to taste the smoothie for acceptability. The fruit/wine questionnaire was administered at each visit as a reminder to abstain from berries, grapes, juices that contained berries and grapes, and wine throughout the study. The rationale for these questionnaires was to eliminate consumption of anthocyanin-containing foods and drinks.Statistical analysis. All analyseswere performedusing SAS version 9.2. Repeated-measures ANOVA with week as the repeated factor was used to compare the blueberry with placebo groups. Differences between the blueberry and placebo baseline characteristics were analyzed by a 2-sample t test (continuous data) and within groups analyzed by a paired t-test. Categorical data were summarized as counts and analyzed by chisquare tests. Nutritional value of food intake was analyzed by mixedmodel ANOVA. P # 0.05 indicated a significant difference between the groups. Data were expressed as means 6 SEM.Effect of blueberries on insulin sensitivity 1765 by guest on January 11, 2014jn.nutrition.orgDownloaded from ResultsAt baseline, the groups did not differ in age, body composition, lipid profile, blood pressure, and inflammatory biomarkers (Table 1).Energy intake, body composition, and metabolic variables. Throughout the study, the groups did not differ in energy and macronutrient (protein, carbohydrate, and fat) consumption (data not shown) or in body weight or adiposity (Table 1). In addition, the inflammatory biomarkers, lipid profile, and blood pressure did not differ between the study groups from the beginning to the end of the study (Table 1). None of these variables changed within each group during the treatment period (Table 1).Insulin sensitivity. When evaluating the percent change of insulin sensitivity, 67% of the participants (10 of 15) randomized to the blueberry group had at least a 10% or greater favorable change in insulin sensitivity, whereas only 41% of the placebo participants (7 of 17) demonstrated this change (Fig. 1). Themeanchangeininsulin sensitivitywasimprovedsignificantly more in the blueberry group compared to the placebo group (Fig. 2). Also, the percent change in insulin sensitivity was greater in the blueberry group (22.2 65.8%) than in the placebo group (4.9 6 4.5%) (P = 0.02).DiscussionTo our knowledge, this is the first reported human study that evaluated the effect of daily dietary supplementation with bioactives in blueberries on whole-body insulin sensitivity in obese, nondiabetic, and insulin-resistant men and women. The uniqueness of this study relates to the design, which wasrandomized, double blinded, and placebo controlled. By design, the blueberry and placebo smoothies were identical in physical appearance and macronutrient content with the exception of adding the blueberry bioactives to the blueberry smoothie. Another strength of the study was the use of the most precise metabolic technique for assessing whole-body insulin sensitivity, i.e.,hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps.The majorfindingwasTABLE 1 Anthropometrics and serum biochemistry of obese, insulin-resistant participants before (pre) and after (post) the blueberry and placebo treatments1VariablesBlueberry Placebo Pre Post Pre PostRace (African American/Caucasian), n/n 8/7 — 8/9 — Gender (male/female), n/n 2/13 — 3/14 — Age, y 54 6 3 — 49 6 3— Body weight, kg 98.7 6 3.1 99.1 6 3.1 102.9 6 3.4 103.4 6 3.5 BMI, kg/m2 36.8 6 0.9 37.0 6 0.9 38.0 6 0.9 38.2 6 1.0 Body fat, % 40.9 6 1.3 40.9 6 1.3 42.5 6 1.4 42.8 6 1.4 Fat mass, kg 40.8 6 2.0 40.8 6 2.0 44.2 6 2.3 44.7 6 2.3 Lean mass, kg 58.7 6 2.1 58.7 6 2.1 59.2 6 2.0 59.4 6 2.1 Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg 116.9 6 3.2 115.2 6 3.2 122.6 6 3.7 118.5 6 3.2 Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg 73.5 6 2.3 73.2 6 1.9 75.7 6 1.9 76.6 6 2.1 Serum biochemistry2 Glucose, mmol/L 5.7 6 0.1 5.7 6 0.1 5.9 6 0.1 5.9 6 0.1 Insulin, pmol/L 132 6 15 140 6 17 142 6 15 148 6 16 Triglycerides, mmol/L 1.53 6 0.18 1.66 6 0.17 1.44 6 0.21 1.67 6 0.26 Cholesterol, mmol/L 5.34 6 0.21 4.76 6 0.24 5.18 6 0.19 4.65 6 0.18 LDL cholesterol, mmol/L 3.28 6 0.21 2.88 6 0.19 3.22 6 0.18 2.84 6 0.17 HDL cholesterol, mmol/L 1.35 6 0.08 1.12 6 0.06 1.30 6 0.07 1.05 6 0.06 C-reactive protein, mg/L 5.3 6 1.3 6.9 6 1.8 6.9 6 1.1 8.5 6 1.9 TNFa, ng/L 7.4 6 1.5 6.2 6 1.0 11.5 6 4.3 6.5 6 0.5 MCP-1, ng/L 358 6 37 377 6 44 401 6 58 396 6 381 Values are means 6 SEM, n = 15 (blueberry) or 17 (placebo) except TNFa, where n = 11 or 13, respectively. 2 Blood was drawn from participants after a 10-h fast.FIGURE 1 Percent change in insulin sensitivity in individual obese, insulin-resistant men and women who consumed the blueberry (black bars) or placebo (white bars) smoothies for 6 wk. % D = [(postintervention 2 preintervention)/preintervention] 3 100. Values are means 6 SEM, n = 15 (blueberry) or 17 (placebo).1766 Stull et al. by guest on January 11, 2014jn.nutrition.orgDownloaded from that daily consumption of whole blueberry bioactives for 6 wk improved insulin sensitivity in a population at high risk for type 2 diabetes compared with ad libitum dietary intake alone. Consumptionofsmoothies(in the caseofthisstudy, bioactives in blueberries) may be a more attractive and convenient dietary approach for those adults who do not consume the recommended daily amounts of fruits and vegetables. In the current study, we made sure that the energy in the smoothies did not contribute to any body weight gain. Specifically, our study dietitian worked with the participants during the weekly visits to eliminate 2000 kJ/d (1000 kJ/smoothie) from their diets to compensate for the energy provided by the smoothies. As such, the participants were able to maintain a constant body weight throughout the study. The observation that insulin sensitivity increased withouta change inbodyweight suggests thatthe blueberrybioactives had a direct effect on increasing whole-body insulin action. The current study evaluated the synergistic effect of all the bioactive compounds in blueberries. Limited data exist on using whole blueberries as the intervention. In a previous preclinical study, DeFuria et al. (3) used a comparable dose of an identical freeze-dried whole blueberry powder and observed similar health effects to the current clinical trial. The study showed that mice who consumed a high-fat diet with blueberries for 8 wk had a lower plasma glucose AUC during a 90-min intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test compared with the mice fed the highfat diet alone. Plasma insulin concentrations were unchanged. These results suggest that blueberries improved the high-fat diet–induced hyperglycemia. However, Prior et al. (11) found that freeze-dried whole blueberry powder did not affect the plasma glucose AUC during a 120-min intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test in high-fat diet–induced obese mice. Perhaps the null finding was due to the type of freeze-dried blueberry powder usedin the experiment, whichwas different from thecurrent and previous (3) studies or the specific technique used could have potentially lacked the precision to adequately assess carbohydrate metabolism. It is well established that any change in adiposity can greatly alter whole-body insulin sensitivity (12). In the current study, body weight was kept constant throughout the study, so that it would not be a confounding factor that contributed to the improved insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, participants were instructed not to alter their physical activity during the study. Even after controlling for certain variables, as expected for human studies, there was variability in insulin sensitivity values for both treatment groups. However, compared with the placebogroup overall, insulin sensitivity improved significantly more in the blueberry group without any changes in body weight, adiposity, or energy intake. Also, no changes in body composition were observed in diet-induced obese mice fed whole blueberries (3). Another study (11) found the opposite in that whole blueberry supplementation increased body weight and adiposity in mice that were fed a high-fat diet with added blueberries compared with mice fed only a high-fat diet. The increase in the body weight and adiposity of the mice throughout the study could have potentially affected the outcome of unobserved improvements in glucose tolerance with whole blueberry supplementation, as discussed previously. Emerging data have clearly linked inflammation to adiposity with significant reports on the mechanisms by which inflammation at a whole-body level attenuates insulin action (13). Specifically, DeFuria et al. (3) found that supplementing obese mice with blueberries reduced the gene expression for inflammatory biomarkers TNFa and interleukin-10. Unfortunately, significant changes were not observed in all the measured inflammatory biomarkers (MCP-1, interleukin-6, and inducible nitric oxide synthase). In the current study, consumption of the daily dose of bioactives in blueberries did not alter the participants’ inflammatory biomarker profile, which consisted of hsCRP, TNFa, and MCP-1. The previous study (3) and current study cannot be compared because of the different research species and evaluations of inflammatory biomarkers [gene expression (3) vs. serum (current study)]. Given the enhanced insulin sensitivity in the group randomized to the blueberry bioactives, a determination of insulindependent or -independent signaling pathways in muscle would provide a cellular basis contributing to the understanding of the clinical effect. However, muscle biopsies were not obtained in the current study and cellular mechanisms were not evaluated. Some may view this as a study limitation, but we did evaluate whole-body insulin sensitivity, which is a critical step before evaluating cellular mechanisms. Furthermore, an in vitro study showed (4) that 21-h incubation of the blueberry extract in muscle cells enhanced glucose uptake only in the presence of insulin. Another study (5) found that 6-h treatment of fermented blueberry juice with and without insulin increased glucose uptake into the muscle and adipocyte cells. However, the nonfermented blueberry juice had no effect on glucose uptake. The fermented blueberry juice also increased the phosphorylation/activation of proteins in the insulin-independent pathway (i.e., AMP-activated protein kinase) and did not phosphorylate/ activate proteins in the insulin-dependent pathway (i.e., AKT and ERK1/2). These results suggest that the addition of fermented blueberry bioactives increased glucose uptake into the cells in an insulin-independent mechanism. More cellular mechanistic studies are warranted to elucidate the specific cellular pathway involved in the improvement of insulin sensitivity that was observed when blueberries were consumed in our study. In conclusion, our double-blinded and placebo-controlled study showed that daily dietary supplementation of bioactives in freeze-dried whole blueberry powder improved insulin sensitivity over 6 wk in obese, nondiabetic, and insulin-resistant participants. The bioactives in blueberries enhanced insulin sensitivity independent of any changes in inflammatory biomarkers or adiposity. This study is not conclusive, but it strongly suggests a need to further explore the cellular mechanism for the effect. In addition, our study suggests the need for studies of longer duration that will evaluate blueberries and their potential role in improving insulin sensitivity in an insulin-resistant human population.FIGURE 2 Mean change in insulin sensitivity in the obese, insulinresistant men and women who consumed either the blueberry or placebo smoothies for 6 wk. D = postintervention 2 preintervention. Values are means 6 SEM, n = 15 (blueberry) or 17 (placebo).Effect of blueberries on insulin sensitivity 1767 by guest on January 11, 2014jn.nutrition.orgDownloaded from Acknowledgments A.J.S. designed research, conducted research, collected and analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript; C.M.C. and K.C.C. designed dietary research, conducted dietary research, and collected and analyzed dietary data; W.D.J. performed statistical analysis; and W.T.C. was the principal investigator who designed research and had primary responsibility for final content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.Literature Cited1. Bagchi D, Sen CK, Bagchi M, Atalay M. Anti-angiogenic, antioxidant, and anti-carcinogenic properties of a novel anthocyanin-rich berry extract formula. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2004;69:75–80, 1 p preceding 75. 2. Papandreou MA, Dimakopoulou A, Linardaki ZI, Cordopatis P, KlimisZacas D, Margarity M, Lamari FN. Effect of a polyphenol-rich wild blueberry extract on cognitive performance of mice, brain antioxidant markersandacetylcholinesteraseactivity.BehavBrainRes.2009;198:352–8. 3. DeFuria J, Bennett G, Strissel KJ, Perfield JW II, Milbury PE, Greenberg AS, Obin MS. Dietary blueberry attenuates whole-body insulin resistance in high fat-fed mice by reducing adipocyte death and its inflammatory sequelae. J Nutr. 2009;139:1510–6. 4. Martineau LC, Couture A, Spoor D, Benhaddou-Andaloussi A, Harris C, Meddah B, Leduc C, Burt A, Vuong T, et al. Anti-diabetic properties of the Canadian lowbush blueberry Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. Phytomedicine. 2006;13:612–23.5. Vuong T, Martineau LC, Ramassamy C, Matar C, Haddad PS. Fermented Canadian lowbush blueberry juice stimulates glucose uptake and AMP-activated protein kinase in insulin-sensitive cultured muscle cells and adipocytes. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2007;85: 956–65. 6. Youdim KA, Shukitt-Hale B, MacKinnon S, Kalt W, Joseph JA. Polyphenolics enhance red blood cell resistance to oxidative stress: in vitro and in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000;1523:117–22. 7. Hosseinian FS, Beta T. Saskatoon and wild blueberries have higher anthocyanin contents than other Manitoba berries. J Agric Food Chem. 2007;55:10832–8. 8. Faria A, Oliveira J, Neves P, Gameiro P, Santos-Buelga C, de Freitas V, Mateus N. Antioxidant properties of prepared blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) extracts. J Agric Food Chem. 2005;53:6896–902. 9. Blanck HM, Gillespie C, Kimmons JE, Seymour JD, Serdula MK. Trends in fruit and vegetable consumption among U.S. men and women, 1994–2005. Prev Chronic Dis. 2008;5:A35. 10. DeFronzo RA, Tobin JD, Andres R. Glucose clamp technique: a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance. Am J Physiol. 1979; 237:E214–23. 11. Prior RL, Wu X, Gu L, Hager TJ, Hager A, Howard LR. Whole berries versus berry anthocyanins: interactions with dietary fat levels in the C57BL/6J mouse model of obesity. J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56: 647–53. 12. Reaven GM. Insulin resistance: the link between obesity and cardiovascular disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2008;37:581–601. 13. Shoelson SE, Lee J, Goldfine AB. Inflammation and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 2006;116:1793–801.1768 Stull et al. by guest on January 11, 2014jn The requirements page is:  BIO 119 – Biology for Health Professionals Journal Assignment The assignment is worth 60 points (39 drafts/21 final)    This is an INDIVIDUAL assignment!   The objective of this assignment is to provide you with experience in evaluating scientific research papers.  The abilities to understand and critically analyze the results of a scientific journal article are critical in the healthcare field.  For this assignment, you will evaluate how the scientific method has been applied in a peer-reviewed journal article.   You will complete this assignment in four sections (39 points) and then submit a final revised paper (21 points).  Due dates for all components are listed on your syllabus – do not forget!!  Every section is graded and details are explained below and in the rubric.     For this assignment, you are required to provide a summary of the scientific method as it was presented by the journal authors.  Refer to the following information when completing your paper.   Format:   ·                     The paper shall be about 2-4 pages in length, double-spaced, and 12-font type.   ·                     Include your name at the top right hand corner of the first page.   ·                     Title:  The title should be centered at the top of the first page of your paper, single-spaced, in 12-font type.  Choose a title that concisely explains the topic of your paper. ·                     A title page is not required.   Grammar and spelling:  The paper shall be written with proper grammar and free of spelling errors.  Use spell check, and carefully read your paper prior to turning it in.  ½ point will be deducted for each spelling or grammatical error.   Evaluation of Scientific Method and Research: Identify and describe the following components of the scientific method in the body of your paper:   Section 1:  Definitions and Observations (8 points) ·         Definition of Terms and Concepts:  Define any important terms and concepts so that the reader understands the topic of the journal article.  You will likely need to reference additional sources of information.Make sure you properly cite the source(s) of your information. ·         Observations and Previous Studies:  Describe the observations that led the authors to conduct this study.  This information can usually be found in the background information and discussion sections of the article.  Describe at least one previous study that led the authors to investigate the current topic. ·         Question:  In your own words, state the question that the authors are trying to answer in their experiment.  The question should be specific enough that it leads to the framing of a good hypothesis.  This should be written in the form of a question.   Section 2:  Hypothesis and Experimental Design (10 points) ·         Hypothesis:  State the hypothesis provided by the authors of the article.  Make sure that you identify the statement as the hypothesis (i.e., “The hypothesis is…”).  The hypothesis should be written in your own words.  It should be specific and written in the proper format. ·         Experiment:  Describe the experiment as it is outlined in the journal article.  The following components must be included: ·         Independent variable:  State the independent variable. ·         Dependent variable:  State the dependent variable. ·         Controlled (constant) variables:  List the controlled variables used by the authors during the experiment. ·         Control and experimental groups:  Identify the control and experimental groups. ·         Description of experiment and data collection:  Describe the steps of the experiment.  Include a description of how data and results were collected.You will need to cite the journal article as the source for the details.  Section 3:  Summary and Interpretation of Results(12 points) This section requires that you read the article, summarize the results with specific details from graphics in the paper, and explain the results of the study.  This section will be 1 – 3 paragraphs long, depending on the paper.  This section must contain the following: ·         Summary of results:  Describe the results of the authors’ experiment for each dependent variable.  Be specific and include examples of the qualitative and/or quantitative results.  Compare and contrast the results of the control and experimental groups. ·         Reference to grap

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