800 words that respond to the following questions with your thoughts, ideas, and comments. This will be the foundation for future discussions by your classmates. Be substantive and clear, and use examples to reinforce your ideas..As the firm looks for ways to offset the domestic downturn in sales, Deborah, the CEO of your company, wants to determine if a global strategy is a good fit for the organization.  She has designated you as the manager for this project.  You will work with your team to develop a global marketing plan for your organization. You begin your research in deciding if and what the global strategy should be. You get your team together and begin to discuss a plan on how you will research this possibility.You start the meeting by saying ‘Let’s brainstorm and start to get a plan together for a possible globalization strategy. Tiffany, I’d like you work with me to begin researching possible locations.’Tiffany says, ‘I think we need to research some locations, but I think there is more to it than that. There still needs to be a decision on the type of strategy or approach we are taking. Would we use a multidomestic approach, a global approach, or a transnational approach? I’m still not entirely convinced a global strategy is the answer.’“Great point, Tiffany. It is obvious to me as well that we need to explore a strategy that will put us in a better position to handle the economic downturn. We have to provide the board with the facts. They seem to be leaning in the direction of a global strategy, but I’m not sure it’s the right move either. That’s why we need to do research.”Discuss the following:   How do you define a global strategy?   Are there other international strategies, and how do they differ?   Identify a minimum of 3 possible countries and location options for globalization. Research each of these locations in the furniture industry, and document both the pros and cons of using these in global strategy.   What country would you choose? What evidence can you provide in support of your choice?   What evidence might somebody else, who does not agree with you, provide to support his or her choice?   What could you tell somebody else to show he or she is wrong? Primary Response should include: Definition of a global strategy Identified and described different International strategies and then highlighted how they differed from one another (Hint: different international strategies were flagged in the task scenario) Identified a minimum of 3 countries to research for globalization, shared pros and cons of each using these in a global strategy before selecting the one that emerged as the best option for FCF to pursue for global expansion and explain why. Note: the country that you select is the one that you will be researching from this point on in the class Acknowledged an opposing view of your country selection and then provided a solid rebuttal Adhered to Academic writing and formatting expectations Title contents are displayed at the beginning of the Primary Response Demonstrated how you applied the knowledge gained from your research by including in-text citations appropriately in the core part of your Primary Response Included a Reference section at the end of the Primary Response (must list a minimum of two credible sources and must adhere to APA formatting rules) .800 words that respond to the following questions with your thoughts, ideas, and comments. This will be the foundation for future discussions by your classmates. Be substantive and clear, and use examples to reinforce your ideas.You spent the last week reflecting on both your appreciation of Deborah’s praise and the success of the organization, and then had a long weekend with your family. As you walk in to work on Monday, all you can think about is how excited you are about the future of the company. You sit down at your desk and get started on your newest marketing proposal for Deborah when there is a knock at your door. When you call for the person to come in, Anna, the financial analyst, enters.  “Good morning,” she says. You are surprised to see that she looks nervous because Anna usually has a smile on her face. “Hi, Anna. Is everything okay?” you ask. “Well,” Anna begins, “I just finished our quarterly report. Our profit margins have dropped by 2% this quarter.”After Anna leaves to send her report to Deborah, you start to wonder how you and your team can help fix this. Is a global strategy the answer, or should the company continue to focus on the domestic market?You call a team meeting to learn about the progress of their research. Tiffany, one of your team members, begins the discussion. “I think we need to look at some of the internal factors,” she says. “We know what our capabilities are on the domestic front, but what about in the global market? We have a fairly strong market presence here in higher-end markets, but how does that translate globally?”“Well, I think we need to identify a benchmark to give us some more information to make a better decision,” you explain. Answer the following: What is your benchmark?   Did it benefit from global expansion? If so, how? If not, why?    Did this benefit or hinder the benchmark’s domestic market share? Explain.   Were there risks associated with the globalization?   How were these risks minimized? Mike, one of the marketing strategists on your team, stops at your office door wanting to talk. “We use fabrics that are made domestically; however, there are issues with using these same fabrics globally. There are laws and regulations that prevent us from shipping these fabrics to other countries. This is a huge concern. One of our primary selling points is the consistency of quality of our product.”You confirm Mike’s concern, “That’s an excellent point,” you say. “Now you’ve just given yourself and our team more work for the presentation. I’m sure that will come up. One of the board members used to run a textile plant in China.”Mike nods his head in agreement. “I imagine textiles will not be the only resource concern,” he says.Consider the following in your response: Why should resources be a concern in a global strategy?   What resources may be a concern in the country you selected?    How will this impact the decision to move to the country that you selected?   How will this impact your competitive strategy in your global market?Review the reference materials on global strategy as there is information that may assist with the assignment.    Management in Dynamic EnvironmentDenise BrownCTU01/05/2018  Management in Dynamic EnvironmentExpanding business operations internationally is one of the most significant strategic objectives of many organizations. This is because of the manner in which it broadens their horizons and also enhances the visibility of the brand in question. Such an endeavor does also increase sales since more potential clients are exposed to the goods and services on offer (Cao, 2011). Studies have indicated that the overall competition is reduced to a significant extent. Above all, a firm is able to mitigate vulnerability which comes as a result of the changes in trends. Nonetheless, there are challenges too (Moss, McGrath, Tonge, & Harris, 2012).Expanding internationally introduces timing challenges. In addition to timing, language barrier becomes such a significant impediment, and so is the issue of currency fluctuation. At times, these issues can event eliminate profits in total, and hence the leverage of having to undergo the challenges of investing, say, in China is completely watered down (Nonaka, Hirose, & Takeda, 2016). It is also important to appreciate the fact that no one can accomplish credible business operations in a market that they barely understand. Knowing the market is the initial step, and such a market ought to be understood in depth. Finally, the local politics must never be ignored (Lessard, Teece, & Leih, 2016).Politics and Regulatory FrameworksThe political environments internationally tend to look quite different from the domestic environments. It is quite common for various governments to seize and to take control of the market, and even business units themselves. They argue that it is in their best interest, or at least the best interest of their citizens (Lessard et al., 2016). Such moves make the entire operational profits which could have been earned by businesses to disappear. In some cases, there are conditions which demand of an organization to operate in a certain way or risk complete confiscation or fining. The failure to allow a company to operate as it wishes means that creativity is discourages, or sometimes penalized (Cao, 2011; Moss et al., 2012).Mike finds it concerning that even though the products and services being offered domestically meet the quality standards of a Western economy; such a high standard is still not acceptable in some of the middle-income economies. It could be that foreign firms are penalized or made to face tougher conditions so as to mitigate the kind of competition the local ones face. Now that a foreign investor is to compete for the same resources as the local firms, resources are such a issue of concern (Nonaka et al., 2016).The Resources and the Global StrategySucceeding with a global strategy means that a lot of funds have to be spent. Many firms allocate figures in terms of billions of dollars, which is a substantial amount of money considering that it might be borrowed from financial institutions. A huge chunk of the money is dedicated to marketing while the rest could be directed towards the setting-up and inaugurating the business enterprise. Investing such huge sums of money need one to be sure of the kind of markets and the activities they are engaging in. otherwise, a lot could be wasted without much gains (Nonaka et al., 2016).Another resource issue is the lengthy time horizons. It is imperative to appreciate that global strategies are built in a long period of time. In fact, relatively new companies have always taken time to become established. A huge majority of what are now considered global companies started within just a single country. They then extended overtime. Time is a resource, and the stakeholders ought to have lengthy horizons in order not to rush decisions and actions (Cao, 2011; Moss et al., 2012).In order to understand what is needed on the global stage, a firm needs keen stakeholders such as Mike. Additionally, the senior management has to be committed and also direct their efforts towards achieving the desired objectives. Of course, it is important to invest in research. Some firms differentiate between the ordinary research and development and market research (Nonaka et al., 2016). Those who tend to define ‘market research’ are keen on making sure that they exploit every opportunity that is availed by knowing the market. Research is usually geared towards rethinking the aspects of the value chain and business in general in order to improve the gains as much as possible (Lessard et al., 2016).In summary, resources are a concern at the global level since there are many competitors and limited supply of these particular resources. The sourcing, securing, and utilization of these resources mean that various stakeholders are involved; and balancing their views is a complicated endeavor. In essence, those involved have to remain dedicated to delivering quality at all times irrespective of the kind of limitations they come across (Laats & Haldma, 2012).The Resources of Concern in ChinaA firm seeking to invest in China has to be concerned about resources since as a parent firm; of course, it has to make the largest share or even the entire 100% equity investments. This is not really suitable for small and medium sized organizations. China has a huge human resource, and there has been increasing competency since it is an educated society. Depending on the source, statistics show that literacy rate is in the range of 95%-100%. Chinese are industrious, and this has been recognized world-over (Moss et al., 2012).Since the economic realignment that made China a market economy, capitalistic tendencies have resulted into a scenario where creativity is rewarded. China has become the “factory of the world” due to an enhancement of the level of infrastructure. Some studies have concluded that China has world-class infrastructure. There is also access to capitalistic enterprising via Hong Kong and Taiwan. In fact, it is imperative to appreciate that most manufacturing firms in Guangdong were initiated by Hong Kong and Taiwanese managers. These stakeholders did understand what it takes to run a factory, and they were thus up to the challenge (Laats & Haldma, 2012).China has favorable governmental regulations. There is decent enforcement with low taxation regimes, lax labor laws, lax environmental laws, and lesser red-tapes. Even if Western firms could be committed to environmental protection, they still do find some of the regulations being derailing; and hence an environment like China that offers an expansive room for maneuverability could seem to be appealing (Cao, 2011; Nonaka et al., 2016).How the Resources Influence the Decision to Expand into ChinaSeveral countries are lining-up to take the place of China as global manufacturers once the trends make China undesirable. One of the results could be that the Chinese will start demanding for higher pay, and raw materials will become scarce. Among the countries to take the spot include Ethiopia, Vietnam, and even Nigeria. Before then, China is still a viable option (Cao, 2011; Lessard et al., 2016). China has efficient seaports and other forms of infrastructure, adequate human resource and raw materials, and the knowledge transfer is happening at a remarkable speed. Expanding into China will pay both in the short as well as in the medium-term, and the firm ought to proceed with the decision to invest into that country (Moss et al., 2012; Nonaka et al., 2016).ConclusionVietnamese and Ethiopians are paid low wages, and this could be one of the factors which could make their markets attractive. Nonetheless, China still dominates in terms of infrastructure, managerial skills and experience, and level of innovation. The Chinese government is also way restrained as compared to those of several other developing countries of the world (Nonaka et al., 2016). Therefore, comparing the decision to invest in China with that of choosing a different leaves one with no doubt that China is, indeed, the best option on the table. This will give the firm a competitive advantage since the products will be delivered on a timely basis, and the quality is certainly assured to be competitive. This is a credible option, and the firm ought to exploit it (Lessard et al., 2016).  ReferencesCao, L. (2011, August). Dynamic capabilities in a turbulent market environment: empirical evidence from international retailers in China. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 19(5), 455-469. DOI: 10.1080/0965254X.2011.565883Laats, K., & Haldma, T. (2012). Changes in the scope of management accounting systems in the dynamic economic context. Economics & Management, 17(2), 441-447. DOI: 10.5755/j01.em.17.2.2164Lessard, D., Teece, D.J., & Leih, S. (2016, August). The dynamic capabilities of meta-multinationals. Global Strategy Journal, 6(3), 211-224. DOI: 10.1002/gsj.1126Moss, D., McGrath, C., Tonge, J., & Harris, P. (2012, Feb.). Exploring the management of the corporate public affairs function in a dynamic global environment. Journal of Public Affairs (14723891), 12(1), 47-60. DOI: 10.1002/pa.1406Nonaka, I., Hirose, A., & Takeda, Y. (2016, August). ‘Meso’-foundations of dynamic capabilities: team-level synthesis and distributed leadership as the source of dynamic creativity. Global Strategy Journal, 6(3), 168-182. DOI: 10.1002/gsj.1125Q 1:  BenchmarkA     benchmark refers to standards developed by a company for the purpose     of analyzing performance or quality level (Naga, 2011). In     benchmarking, the primary metrics of a company are compared to     companies under the same sector or to own operations. The concept     assists a company to visualize performance, identify the areas that     require improvement, and foster the company’s general     performance. Benchmarking is subdivided into external and internal.     Internal benchmarking refers to the comparison and evaluation of the     performance and conduct of project teams and internal processes ( Frynas, 2015) .     External benchmarking is a comparison of a company’s     performance to that of other companies falling under the same     sector. The     organization should use internal benchmarking. From the scenario,     the organization aspires to focus on the internal factors. It is     aware about its capabilities locally. However, it is unsure about     its capabilities internationally. In addition, its establishment in     the local market is fairly strong. It is however, unclear about the     international market. By adopting internal benchmarking, the     organization will be able to acknowledge its capabilities and     establishment in the international market. As internal benchmarking     is within an organization, it can employ the balanced     scorecard’s finance perspective. This perspective aims at     maximizing profit. It is an important aspect because the     organization’s quarterly report indicates that the profit     margins declined by two percent. The benchmark that can be used to     monitor the organization’s financial performance is the gross     margin. It can confirm a decline or increase in profit by     calculating the gross margin and making comparisons between the     current and previous quarter.Q       2: Global expansion benefit Yes,     the organization benefited by expanding globally. It witnessed     improved profits. The overseas markets are not saturated, unlike the     domestic market. As a result, the organization has realized improved     gross margins due to the expansion globally. In addition, it was     able to establish its presence globally. The other benefits are     advancement in growth globally, return on investment, universal     existence, and increased productivity. It also has the opportunity     to aim at the high-end markets in the global market. It can explore     production services in countries where the manufacturing rate is low     which will, in turn, enable it to promote its goods at feasible     costs. Generally, international expansion has been a first mover     advantage over the competitors, improved its bottom lines, and     recorded more profit. Q       3: Benchmark’s domestic market share benefit or hindranceThe     expansion benefitted the benchmark’s market share of the     domestic market. Its market share has improved because of expanding     internationally. Notably, universal growth promotes cost reductions,     technological advancement, and products differentiation, leading to     a boost of its market share in the domestic market. An organization     can charge premium when it differentiates its products. Its market     shares have also improved as it can offer product varieties to the     customers. Similarly, it can import the products at lower costs. Its     share has increased in many areas due to feasible costs. Improved     market share is also due to the ability to reach out to market     segments that had not been targeted initially. Q       4: Risks Yes,     there were risks as a result of globalization. The first risk is     exchange rate fluctuation. The exchange rate between one currency     and another fluctuates depending on the time period. The currency     exchange rate fluctuation can result in losses or gains. The second     risk is country risk. Country risk consists of economic and     political risks (Hou, 2013). These risks have adverse impacts on the     business. Political risks expose a company to money loss because of     aspects such as terrorism and trade barriers. Economic risk is     related to the finance state of a country and the ability to repay     borrowed money. The other risks as a result of globalization are     reduced quality control or quality control loss, long delivery times     and production, difficulty in forming strong relationships with     reliable and reputable suppliers and partners, and potential theft     of intellectual property (N.A., 2015).  Q       5: Risks minimizationTo     minimize risks, the organization established some offices in the     overseas country to check quality control and enhance quick     delivery. It also safeguarded intellectual property. Moreover, it     formed contracts with production facilities that are reputable,     value quality, and meet product specifications. The company should     take into account its national currency to do the business to     minimize exchange rate risk. If it is unable to choose the national     currency then, it should add a buffer to any invoice quotation made     in a foreign currency or form a contract to share the risk between     the seller and buyer. Second, make use of finance instruments such     as futures, options and forwards to hedge risk (Hou, 2013). To     minimize country risk, the company should analyze the host     country’s political risk or approximate the economic condition     and growth in the future by assessing the country’s gross     domestic product, inflation, unemployment rate, among other     measures. ReferencesFrynas,     J. (2015). Global strategic management. New York,     N.Y.: Oxford University Press. Hou,     X. (2013). Risk management in international     business. Retrieved from  https://www.soa.org/library/newsletters/risk-management…/jrm-2013-iss27-hou.aspxN.A.     (2015, March 31). Business risk factors. Retrieved     from  https:// www.renesas.com/ir/company/risk.htmlNaga,     A. (2011). Strategic management. New Delhi, India:     Vikas Publishing House. Global StratDenise Brown Date 01/03/2018 How         do you define a global strategy?    The global strategy contains the         International Strategies small as well as medium-sized firms         since they move past their countries. Global strategy likewise         includes the Strategic Management relate to all organizations         considering the stratagems towards achieving their up and coming         undertakings. It includes the ceaseless Global Management         endeavors that unavoidably happen for associations that have         been engaged with worldwide activities all through various         years. It additionally conceals issues regarding the matter of         Globalization as the universe ends up diminutive and we turn out         to be involved with each other.  Strategies give a long haul course           to the organization. It assists the firm in accomplishing the           upper hand to the firm. Furthermore, it           conveys to the organization regarding its marketplace,           benchmarks and the way to deal with the sources with an end           goal to experience the aims of the foundation. Therefore,           Global Strategy can be described as the           concentration and scope of an organization as time goes on.           This will achieve points of interest for the organization           through its development of sources within a baffling climate,           meeting the marketplace needs and fulfilling the           investor’s desires (Hill, 2008).   The key universal strategies include transnational,         global as well as multi-domestic. Each of these strategies         comprises of unique methodologies trying to develop productivity         through nations and attempting to be receptive to adaption in         consumer slants as well as marketplace conditions all through nations. Multi-domestic strategy      This strategy is a system         whereby organization endeavor to achieve the most extreme         neighboring response by fitting their stock proffering and         advertising stratagems to comparable disparate across the nation         circumstances  (Lakshman et al., 2017). The clearest approach towards           defining this strategy is an organization that uses a unique           strategy in each one of the marketplaces           it works in the promotion, R&D and           manufacturing endeavors tend to be built up in all key across           the nation marketplace where business is done. An organization           that uses this strategy penances capability with the help of           highlighting responsiveness to neighborhood essentials within           each one of its marketplaces.  Global         strategy      This strategy helps with settling on decisions         about the long-range course in reference         towards global business (Lakshman et al., 2017). It is a         methodology that thinks about the world as a marketplace as well         as providing a resource with insignificant nearby decent         variety. Basically, competitive advantage is built up generally         on an overall establishment (Meyer & Su, 2015). Universal         strategy: the company’s expectations associate chiefly to the         home marketplace. By and by, there are objectives concerning         outer activities and thusly require a global strategy. Quite,         the upper hand – indispensable in strategy development – is         built up predominantly for the home marketplace. Multinational         organizations secure economies of scale through shared as well         as marketplace tantamount stock in a few countries.         Multi-domestic firms have an autonomous command         center in different nations, in this manner, procuring         extra limited management, in any case; at a hoisted rate of         forging the economies of scale from value dividing and imposing         business model (Hill, 2008).In       multinational strategy, the organization is entangled in a few of       marketplace outside the country. In any case, it requires       recognizing stratagems for each marketplace as buyer needs as       well, perchance rivalry, are different in each country. Basically,       the focused advantage is controlled       autonomously for every country. Transnational strategy     A transnational firm oversees operations in various         countries with an assortment of levels of synchronization and           blends of strategies and capacities         (Elter et al., 2014). It unites worldwide degree, coordinating         capacities and the use of single advantages of neighborhood         marketplaces towards pushing deals, a piece of the pie and income increment. It         incorporates working in different overall markets, contriving         receptive authoritative arrangements and creating esteem         included endeavors that exploit national correlations and         refinements. Meyer & Su (2015) explains transnational         strategic management as reiterations of basic learning and         execution upgrades.    The 3 possible countries options for globalization, in         this case, would be         Japan, China, and Brazil. China is a key         progressing player in the worldwide furniture advertise.         Furniture is one of the nation’s most         rapid developing fare areas. The furniture assembling of         assorted types as well as materials is         projected to be almost $ 15 billion that, with net tariffs of         about $4 billion, demonstrating that apparent charge is         approximately $ 10 billion (Lakshman et al., 2017). The         continuous dissimilarity of interest, as well as imports, has         set a piece of the Japanese furniture to advertising. The GDP value of Japan represents about 8 percent of the world economy.         According to (Wood & Wilberger, 2015), gross domestic         product in Japan is accounted for by the World Bank Group.   Moreover, Brazil is a standout among the most growing economies in the world (Meyer & Su, 2015). Through         sizeable as well as creating cultivating, generation as well as         management territories, Brazil economy is one of the highest in the hub of South American nations.         The GDP worth of Brazil is around equivalent to 3.5 percent of         the worldwide economy (Lakshman et al., 2017). Brazil has the         highest obligation from the management department among         countries such as Japan, China as well itself. It is a         reflection of its capability of development in future. On the         other hand, Japan is position 2 in the customary         world after the United States. China has set up itself as         a rising monetary center in Asia, as well as its relative         worldwide significance is rapidly moving toward the greatest         European economies (Elter et al., 2014).   Consequently, I would recommend Brazil as a nation for         expansion as well as a country that can adjust towards global         strategy. As I would see             it, I believe that others might           believe that maybe China would be lucrative due to its           regularly expanding steps in the worldwide marketplace.   Moreover, I would allow them to know whether they would         take the plans, they will locate that even as China and Japan           keep on growing hence does Brazil grow.         It is my projection that Brazil will continue growing at a fast pace.     ReferencesElter,       F., Gooderham, P. N., & Ulset, S. (2014). Functional-level       transformation in multi- domestic MNCs:       Transforming local purchasing into globally integrated purchasing.       In   Orchestration of the Global Network Organization (pp.       99-120). Emerald  Group Publishing Limited.Hill,       C. (2008). International Business: Competing       in the global marketplace.    strategic  direction, 24(9).Lakshman,       S., Lakshman, S., Lakshman, C., & Lakshman, C. (2017). The       dynamic change in  expatriate roles: strategy type and stage of       internationalization. Management Decision,   55(8), 1770-1784.Meyer,       K. E., & Su, Y. S. (2015). Integration and responsiveness in       subsidiaries in emerging  economies.         Journal of World Business, 50(1), 149-158.Wood,       V. R., & Wilberger, J. S. (2015). Globalization, cultural       diversity and organizational  commitment: Theoretical Underpinnings.  The world, 6(2), 154-171.

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Please no plagiarism and make sure you are able to access all resource on your own before you bid. One of the references must come from Broderick and Blewitt (2015). I need this completed by 01/06/18 at 7pm.  Respond to my colleagues using one or more of the following approaches:· Validate your colleague’s perspective or provide an alternative perspective by citing specific examples (based on observations or research) that illustrate the identified positive or negative influence.· Offer another way a colleague might use knowledge of his or her identified influence to effectively work with adolescents and their families.· Expand on your colleague’s posting by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives based on readings and evidence.Instructor says to me:I enjoyed your post and I understand your point of view concerning culture and the impact it has on adolescents. In a household that has multiple cultures how would a counselor help parents articulate combining the different cultures for the best interest of their adolescents? For example, a mom may be Caucasian with a Christian background, and the father is Islamic with a Muslim background. Two completely different races and religions that found love, but their ideas and methods are completely opposite. I look forward to your thought. (My post was)Factors influence the development of adolescents             Culture, biology, environment, as well as sexual orientation among others, affect the development of adolescents.  Culture is highly significant in the development of adolescents. Cultural differences determine how the adolescents grow and the kind of behavior they will acquire.  Concerning the environment, the family structure as well other settings including the society influences the behavior of adolescents. The family acts as the prop in their development since it provides an immediate environment. The older siblings and parents are the role models (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015).           Adolescence is a time of development when the children are undergoing numerous biological changes. The changes are physically manifested. Physical appearance is central during this stage. Boys acquire masculine features such as coarse voice and broadening of the chest. Girls’ changes include the onset of menstrual cycles as well as the growth of breasts. The physical changes could lead to low self-esteem if the appropriate environment is not provided.Most significant factorCulture is the most significant factor influencing adolescent development. One of the primary reasons for this argument is that culture is the way of life and therefore all the environments have a particular way of life. Within the family, there is the kind of culture that already exists. Some families cultivate the culture of dependence while others are more independent. Adolescents who grow in families with dependence culture tend to be more dependent in their lives compared to those that grow in families with independence culture.  Independent household cultures come with high levels of freedom and responsibilities compared to dependent cultures.Culture also relates to moral standards. Some of the essential moral standards are acquired during teenage. Parents of adolescents must instill morals in their children. In households where there is a culture of inculcating positive values in their children, the children acquire these values and are likely to uphold them in future (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015).Impact on the decisions of adolescents   The influence of culture is positive and profoundly impacts the decisions made by adolescents. For instance, within the family, parents urge their adolescents to uphold honesty and lead by example. Adolescents who have grown in homesteads and societies with this kind of culture will not lie even when there are great benefits of lying. Some cultures such as the in East Asia, families emphasize on harmony as opposed to honesty. The implication is that the adolescents will tell a lie as long as it contributes to family and social harmony.How a counselor might apply this knowledge            A counselor can apply this knowledge in various ways. Firstly, he or she will help the parents understand the kind of culture their children are growing in and the equivalent expectations. For instance, some children will be more reliant on their families than others depending on the culture in the family and also in the society (Milevsky, Schlechter, Netter, & Keehn, 2007).ReferencesBroderick, P. C., & Blewitt, P. (2015). “Gender and Peer Relationships: Middle ChildhoodThrough Early Adolescence. In The life span: Human development for helping professionals (4th ed., pp. 282-323). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.Milevsky, A., Schlechter, M., Netter, S., & Keehn, D. (2007). Maternal and Paternal Parenting           Styles in Adolescents: Associations with Self-Esteem, Depression, and Life-Satisfaction.           Journal of Child and Family Studies, 16(1), 39-47. doi:10.1007/s10826-006-9066-51. (A. Wit)Adolescence is an exciting and challenging stage for most people.  During this phase, children will experience rapid physiological change during puberty, moral development, socialization development with other kids and adults, intellectual growth, and greater independence.  Peer relationships can have a profound impact on identity development.  In this post, I will cover the positive and negative implications of peer relationships, cultural factors of socialization, and how counselors can support their adolescent clients.Peer relationships in adolescencePositive and negative peer experiences can affect multiple areas of a teen’s life.  The quality of social relationships can influence academic performance, self-esteem, emotional quality, and family relationships.  Typically, adolescents choose friends that have similar traits and interests to themselves (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015).  Peer relationships can positively influence development by encouraging skills such as communication, conflict resolution, problem-solving, cooperative learning, and shared decision making (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015).  Individuals feel a sense of belonging when they are included in the desired peer group and a sense of isolation and rejection when they are not included (Lee, Foote,Wittrock, Xu, Niu, & French, 2017).  When a child is accepted to a peer group, they are deemed popular.  Popular individuals may have stronger cognitive and social problems as well as positive self-concept (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015).  When a child is not accepted, or rejected by peers, they are not as likely to develop strong social skills (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015).  Rejection by peers is associated with aggressive behavior, impaired self-control, and diminished self-esteem (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015).  Research has found that children with signs of depression often hold a negative view of both themselves and peers, and isolation weakens the ability to understand social structure (Lee, Foote, Wittrock, Xu, Niu, & French, 2017). Cultural ConsiderationsAn adolescent’s desire to belong to a peer group can be influenced by cultural factors such as gender and ethnicity.  Gender identity and sexual orientation can easily influence acceptance in peer relationships.  Teens who are not cisgender or heterosexual tend to have the most difficulty feeling accepted (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015).  Ethnic differences can be challenging for some.  Children that identify with a racial minority face the additional challenge of acculturation (Crocetti, Rubini, Luyckx, & Meeus, 2008). Cultural values that differ from the majority can be a source of rejection (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015).  Desirable peer qualities may vary depending on the demographics of the community.ApplicationCounselors with adolescent clients must understand the client’s peer relationships.  Could depression and low self-esteem be attributed to rejection or isolation?  What are the qualities of the differences between the client and the desired peer group?  Are those differences biological or environmental?  Successful treatment for adolescents must account for the transactional nature of the problems and an understanding of what sustains that difficulty (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015).  One approach a counselor might take is to evaluate the client’s perspective of peer groups.  Some research shows that adolescents’ perception of peer groups may be influenced by their own attributes (Lee, Foote, Wittrock, Xu, Niu, &French, 2017).  Developing an awareness of identity and perception of others may be helpful. SummaryPeer relations can significantly influence adolescent development.  Positive peer experiences can have benefits that last into adulthood including high self-esteem, communication skills, and shared problem-solving abilities (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015).  Negative peer experiences including rejection and isolation can increase the likelihood of depressive symptoms and aggression in some adolescents.  Counselors of adolescent clients should take time to understand the influence of the client’s peer relationships.  Therapy may include a focus on the perception of peer relationships in correlation to individual cultural attributes. ReferencesBroderick, P. C., & Blewitt, P. (2015). The life span: Human development for helping professionals (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson EducationCrocetti, E., Rubini, M., Luyckx, K., & Meeus, W, (2008). Identity formation in early and middle adolescents from various ethnic groups: From three dimensions to five statuses. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(8), 983–996.Lee, S., Foote, J., Wittrock, Z., Xu, S., Niu, L., & French, D.C. (2017). Adolescents’ perception of peer groups: psychological, behavioral, and relational determinants. Social Science Research, 65, 181-194.2. (H. Men)Adolescence is the time in our lives that transitions us from childhood into adulthood. The awkwardness in this time period brings about physical changes in which little girls begin to look like grown women, and little boys begin to look like grown men. The changes may include growing breast for girls and facial hair for boys which may bring on feelings of insecurity if a child is not aware of why this change is occurring. The mindset in adolescences begin to take on a form in which they know everything and no adult can tell them differently or adults have no idea what they are experiencing. During the adolescence period two major developments occur which are sex role development and how peer relations are produced and the influence they have in this age group (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015).Most Significant Factor    The household that children are raised in sets the standards for how a child may possibly grow into their adulthood. The more positive and supportive the family tends to be, the more positive a child may become as an adult. The more negative an environment is for a child, the more hardships this child may experience as an adult. The environment outside of the home is just as important, for example the experiences children have at school plays an intricate part in how they perceive themselves and others.  Peer groups that a child becomes involved in teaches them how to communicate, resolve issues, set goals, learning capabilities, and skills for decision making (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015). During this period for adolescence experiences which are positive or negative are influenced by the peer groups they choose to be a part of. The group they choose to be a part of definitely has an influence on an adolescence future either in a negative way or positive. If a child chooses to be a part of the math and science crowd because they intellectually stimulate each other, pushing them to learn and strive it may have a positive influence on the child’s future endeavors. However if a child decides to be a part of the get high club, this could impact their future in a negative way. Acceptance is extremely important to adolescences and being popular is the trend that most want to be included in. One study found that when adolescences are part of and accepted by the popular crowd it boosts their self esteem, whereas if you are teased by your friends this is an indication that you are well liked; but if you are ridiculed or made fun of this is an indication that the group is rejecting you (Kilimstra, Hale, Raaijmakers, Branje & Meeus, 2010).Cultural Considerations         Cultural considerations in adolescences play an intricate part in the development of this peer group. Depending on which part of the world adolescence is raised in may determine what is acceptable behavior and what is not acceptable behavior. Regardless of where you are at in the world, conflicts among peers are inevitable but the way these conflicts are resolved depends on how the society around you handles the conflicts (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015). For example in the United States children are encouraged to be individuals, and I can hear my mother saying to me every day before I left for school. “Be a leader and not a follower”. The United States teaches their adolescences to defend their selves with words, learn the art of negotiation, and always be fair (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015). In other cultures like in Asia adolescences are expected to resolve any conflict they have should be resolved amongst each other (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015). It may be an asset for children to learn how to resolve issues peacefully without the coaching of an adult, because when these same children become adults they have learned how to resolve conflicts without the use of force. In social media which tends to show many adults in physical altercations over the most minor things. It may be due to the fact that they never learned as a child how to resolve their issues and the only way they can resolve them now is by physically fighting. Parents are encourages to also prepare their child with the skills needed in recognizing what they may experience negatively or positively depending on their race or ethnicity. Parents should prepare their children by helping them learn about their culture, values, and the activities within their culture (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015). Also if their children are the minority helping them understand discrimination from others does not determine who they are as a person (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015). Finally helping them and encouraging them to foster relationships with other groups will broaden their mindsets into accepting different cultures.Application    Encouraging parents to send their adolescences to counseling is a benefit that will produce positive results for years to come. Counselors are able to recognize familiar stressors in this age group such as school, family issues, or peer relationships. The majority of adolescences behavior will change during this time period. Sometimes parents will not notice the little changes that have occurred over a certain time, causing them to believe their adolescence changed overnight. The goal in helping this age group should include controlling distress, manage the social and emotional outlets, teach proper ways of communication, and help make family relationships stronger.ResourcesBroderick, P. C., & Blewitt, P. (2015). The life span: Human development for helping professionals (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.    Klimstra, T. A., Hale, W. W., III, Raaijmakers, Q. A. W., Branje, S. J. T., & Meeus, W. H. J. (2010). Identity formation in adolescence: Change or stability? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(2), 150–162. 3. (B. Smi)Peer relationships are the most significant factor in influencing adolescent development. While adolescent development is influenced by parental relationships, culture, sexual orientation, sexuality, and environment, I believe peer relationships are most influential due to their affects on behavior.  The Most Significant Factor   Research has implied that peer relationships within childhood significantly impact mental health and social adjustment later in life.  Broderick (2015) imply that peer groups and social networks heavily impact children beginning in middle childhood. Children in this stage are most likely to fall into cliques and crowds. Cliques are described as informal while crowds are based on reputations and formed of  multiple cliques. Peer relationships allow middle childhood and early adolescent children to hone skills in communication, conflict resolution, joint goal setting, cooperative learning, and shared decision-making (Broderick, 2015).  A Positive Influence  While peer relationships can have both positive and negative effects on adolescent development,  I think this influence is positive as it allows for children to work on their social competence, which affects overall mental health. This factor is positive as children improve their social skills. Broderick (2015)  defines good social skills as the use of appropriate language, making eye contact, and asking appropriate questions.  Peer relationships can also determine whether the child follows the “right” path and veers away from drugs and violence or follows a different crowd that encourages it.Impact on Adolescent Decisions   Rejected children typically exhibit aggressive behaviors towards their peers. Broderick (2015) indicates that these children usually display verbal negativity, instrumental aggression, and disruptiveness. Research depicts that children are usually rejected due to their aggression, lack of self-control, and struggles with social interaction. However, research also shows that other rejected children are routinely withdrawn from others. “Rejected-withdrawn children are more socially anxious than other groups and likely to behave in socially inappropriate ways” (Broderick, 2015, pg. 312). Cultural Effects    In addition to all of the above mentioned information, culture also impacts adolescent development. A significant aspect of culture is socioeconomic status which defines one’s environment. Research depicts that where a person lives has a lasting impact on social development and adjustment (Crocetti, 2008). For example, a child living in extreme poverty will experience more struggles (poor nutrition, possibly poor sleep habits/conditions) than a child from a well off family. Living situations matter most as it reflects on how much attention the child receives at home. Children who struggle with social competence typically have a hectic home life.How to Apply the KnowledgeChildren within the middle childhood and early adolescence range are working their hardest to define their identities and figure out how they fit into society (Crocetti, 2008). During this time, other’s perception of them is the most important and typically defines how they see themselves. Being aware of how much influence peer relationships have on a child’s behaviors in addition to their culture, parental relationships, SES, and environment could assist a counselor in identifying appropriate interventions.References Broderick, P. C., & Blewitt, P. (2015). The life span: Human development for helping professionals (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.Crocetti, E., Rubini, M., Luyckx, K., & Meeus, W, (2008). Identity formation in early and middle adolescents from various ethnic groups: From three dimensions to five statuses. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(8), 983–996.Readings· Broderick, P. C., & Blewitt, P. (2015). The life span: Human development for helping professionals (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.o Chapter 8, “Gender and Peer Relationships: Middle Childhood Through Early Adolescence” (review pp. 282-323)o Chapter 9, “Physical, Cognitive, and Identity Development in Adolescence” (review pp. 324-367)Crocetti, E., Rubini, M., Luyckx, K., & Meeus, W, (2008). Identity formation in early and middle adolescents from various ethnic groups: From three dimensions to five statuses. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(8), 983–996. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.Klimstra, T. A., Hale, W. W., III, Raaijmakers, Q. A. W., Branje, S. J. T., & Meeus, W. H. J. (2010). Identity formation in adolescence: Change or stability? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(2), 150–162. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.McBride Murry, V., Berkel, C., Gaylord‐Harden, N. K., Copeland‐Linder, N., & Nation, M. (2011). Neighborhood poverty and adolescent development. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(1), 114–128. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.McLean, K. C., & Breen, A. V. (2009). Processes and content of narrative identity development in adolescence: Gender and well-being. Developmental Psychology, 45(3),702–710. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.Milevsky, A., Schlechter, M., Netter, S., & Keehn, D. (2007). Maternal and paternal parenting styles in adolescents: Associations with self-esteem, depression and life satisfaction. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 16(1), 39–47. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

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