ame two rulers and discuss how they use the power of art to persuade and to validate their authority.

Name two rulers and discuss how they use the power of art to persuade and to validate their authority. For this assignment, read the following questions first and then choose only one of the questions and write a short paper of 300-500 words in MS Word.Any use of sources must be documented in MLA style. You should only use signed sources (that is, sources that have a named author). Wikipedia should not be used as a source itself.  Read through your paper several times before you submit, revising where your prose is unclear or needs further explanation

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Pharmaceutical Companies, Intellectual Property,  and the Global AIDS Epidemic 

Pharmaceutical Companies, Intellectual Property,
and the Global AIDS Epidemic
This case is provided at the end of chapter 3 of your text (Luthans and Doh). After reading the case, and performing research on the topic, answer the following questions: 1.) Do pharmaceutical companies have a responsibility to distribute drugs for free or at low cost in developing countries? What are the main arguments for and against such an approach? 2.) What are the principal arguments of pharmaceutical companies who oppose making exception to IPR laws for developing countries? What are the arguments by NGOs and others for a differential treatment? 3.) What impact would you expect South Africa’s decision to levy duties on drug imports from Western nations to have on the international distribution of drugs to South Africa? 4.) In June 2002, the WTO extended the transition period during which least-developed countries (LDCs) had to provide patent protection for pharmaceuticals. In your opinion, do you think this is an appropriate change in policy, or a dangerous precedent? What could be some of the negative ramifications of this resolution? What about effects for other industries? 5.) Given the initiatives announced by global development and aid organizations and among pharmaceutical companies themselves, was it necessary to relax IPR rules in order to ensure that adequate supplies of AIDs medications would be available for distribution in the developing world? 6.) What role do MNCs have in providing funding or other assistance to international organizations such as the Global Fund?
Present your answers using APA-format:
Eight to ten pages, double-spaced, using 12-point Times New Roman font. Also, please be sure to cite all scholarly information paraphrased or quoted from your researched sources of information on the case topic. Finally, be sure to include a separate Reference Page on which you list all of your research information sources according to correct APA citation style, depending on the kind of source: book, chapter, published article, internet article, etc.
Submit this assignment to your instructor during the FINAL WEEK of the quarter via the Assignment Dropbox labeled Research Paper. This assignment is worth 275 points and will be graded based on the Writing Intensive Rubric.

 

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It is difficult to separate out the history of westward expansion, the revolution in transportation, and the growth of an industrial market economy that all took hold in America during the first quarter of the nineteenth century.

It is difficult to separate out the history of westward expansion, the revolution in transportation, and the growth of an industrial market economy that all took hold in America during the first quarter of the nineteenth century. Those topics have their own very fascinating histories, but they are also interconnected as causes and consequences of each other’s incredible growth. America’s Industrial Revolution, fueled by steam, and a demand for manufactured goods and commodity agricultural products (cotton, wheat, textiles, boats, trains, train tracks, etc.) created many new types of jobs, from manufacturing line workers, to managers, to machinists, and engineers. By the mid-nineteenth century, the fastest growing profession in the United States was engineering. The engineering feats especially related to the expansion of transportation networks that were accomplished in the first quarter of the nineteenth century are the focus of the documents in this exercise. Engineers used the vast resources available on the continent of North America in combination with technological advances to shape the American landscape in extraordinary ways, and in the process create a robust, fast-growing national market economy.

DOCUMENTS

Document 1 Excerpt is an excerpt from Facts and Observations in Relation to the Origin and Completion of the Erie Canal by John Rutherford (i.e.: Rutherfurd) (New York: N.B. Holmes, 1825). In this document, a proponent of the large project of the construction of a canal in Western western New York argues that the idea had long been in the visions of Americans. Now (1825) circumstances, resources, and technology exist to make the dream a reality. All that is needed is political will in the state legislature of New York.

Found on www.eriecanal.org/history.html (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Document 2 Map includes a map and graphic representation of the area serviced by the Erie Canal, with profiles of the canal and lochs that show the varying depths and other features. Produced in 1859. After it opened in 1825, this important undertaking helped spur the creation of a national economy by tying together the regional economies of the Midwest and the East.

Document 3 Map is a map of the central portion of the United States, showing proposed routes for Pacific railroads, ca. 1850. Almost as soon as the technology was available to imagine long routes of railway travel, debates emerged over proposed routes to cross the continent. Would the route mostly reside in the northern part of the country, or would those in the South and the West prevail and get the transcontinental railway of the future closer to their cities and transportation hubs? Indeed, the debates over the proposed routes of the Transcontinental Railroad paralleled many of the other sectional differences of the first half of the nineteenth century.

INSTRUCTIONS

1. Read textbook chapters 8 through 10.

2. Read Document 1, an excerpt by John Rutherford about the need for and construction of the Erie Canal.

3. Examine Documents 2 and 3, maps of The Erie Canal and proposed railway routes across the Midwestern United States.

4. Answer the questions that follow and be sure to label your answers and submit in the inbox below in the accepted formats.

QUESTIONS TO ANSWER

1) What were the main elements of the Industrial Revolution?

2) Why was it so important for John Rutherford that the goods and agricultural products produced in Kentucky, Indiana, Ohio, and the Great Lakes region flow through western New York state?

3)What can Document 2 teach historians about the Eire Canal and its significance?

4) What does Document 3 inform current students of history about?

Document 1

…In addition to these advantages, which will accrue to the citizens residing near the line of navigation, there are others of much greater importance in relation to the commerce of the State. The canal will then be in complete order to receive the trade of the western States, and the inhabitants of those States, gratified and delighted with the improved facilities and accommodations, will not seek other routes to the tide water, but cheerfully bend their course to the Hudson. The present consolation of those who are in favour of other routes, is, that the Erie canal will be preoccupied by the citizens of the State, that there will be no room for the inhabitants of other States, who must therefore seek tide water in other places. The advocates of the Welland canal, constructing with an expectation of cutting off the trade of the Hudson, and connecting the interior with the merchants of a foreign country beyond the control and fiscal regulations of the United States ; and the revivers of the project of the Niagara canal, to enable the sloops of Lake Erie to descend into Ontario, and thence on a destination unknown, all have their hopes and expectations, while many of our citizens are striving to direct the trade from the Hudson to the tide waters of the Delaware, Susquehannah, Potomac, James River, and the Mississippi.

Colonel John L. Sullivan one of the most experienced civil engineers of the United States, who is now in the employ of the central government as a member of the board of internal improvement, says, in a report dated February 3d, 1825,

“the apprehension of a want of income proportionate to the cost of public works, is dissipated by the success of the Erie canal, thronged with navigation even before it has reached the lake. And although the capacity of that canal for business may be increased by parallel locks and other means, there are limitations to its power, set by the command of water it possesses. Ever since the commencement of that work, the western counties of New-York have been increasing greatly in population; and there will be no necessity for business from Ohio and Michigan to ensure a competent revenue from the Erie canal. The very facts which show the wisdom of that undertaking, prove that the western States may find it preoccupied. The nearest customers must always have the preference – the are in possession.”

If a water communication is opened from the Western to the Atlantic States, nearly the whole trade of Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana will flow in this direction. The New-York canal will draw through the lake, for the present, the produce of the northern parts of Ohio and Indiana, but when the magnificent project of threading the Alleghanies with a canal, and uniting the Ohio, nay, the great lakes themselves with the Chesapeake, shall be put in execution, which, since the recent surveys would seem to prove it practicable, may he expected at no distant day ; then the entire trade of these three states will flow into this channel, as being the shortest and most expeditious route to the tide waters of the Atlantic. In this event Baltimore will inevitably become the chief mart of western produce, and possess an almost exclusive privilege of sending over the mountains, supplies of home manufactures and foreign products. Georgetown, Washington, and Alexandria will doubtless be greatly benefitted by such a communication to the west, but the local situation of these towns is not such as to enable any one or all of them to gain the ascendancy already held by Baltimore.

In a report of a committee of the House of Representatives of Pennsylvania, on inland navigation made in February 1825, they say that, “from her position, Philadelphia under a wise policy will ever a great commercial city and the real centre of the manufactures and wealth of the union.”

These are some of the latest sentiments, which have been expressed on the effects of the canals from the tide water to the interior, and on the positions and future Importance of the commercial cities, and are founded on the facts which have been lately developed. The citizens of New-York ought not to disregard them, on the contrary, they should carefully examine the probable results of the proposed plans of improvement, and take every prudent precaution, and adopt every active measure which which may be necessary to enable them to preserve the advantages which they derive from their highly favourable position. It is conceived that it is in their power to invite to their port, through the Erie canal, not only the trade of their own State, but also part of the trade of Kentucky, Ohio, and Indiana, of districts of Pennsylvania, Virginia and Illinois, and of Michigan and the Northwest Territory. It has been ascertained the surveys of the U. S. engineers, and is stated in their report of February, 1825, that there is a practicable route for a canal, from the Ohio River to Lake Erie, by the valleys of the Big Beaver Creek and the Astabula which will be only 104 miles in length, and with a lockage of only 557 feet, thus making the lockage from Pittsburgh to the tide water of the Hudson, if the proposed alterations in the Erie canal are effected, only 1095 feet ; of which 330 feet will be descending lockage, while the route from Pittsburgh to Philadelphia by the Susquehanna, will have 3358 feet lockage, and to Baltimore and Alexandria by the Potomac, 3837 feet. These considerations will give the Lake Erie and Hudson route a decided superiority, provided there are no limitations set to its power by the command of water it possesses, and “the western States do not find it preoccupied, as the nearest customers must have the preference, they being in possession.” The wary miller, who finds that there will be shortly more grist brought to his mill, than one run of stones can grind, does not wait until the fact proved, his customers turned away, and other mills erected in opposition to him, but he immediately projects further improvements, to prevent the loss, competition, and disappointment which would otherwise ensue; he increases his command of water, he husbands and prevents waste of it and constructs additional runs of stones, commensurate with his means and the demand for employment. This course of proceeding, it is suggested, should be the policy of the Legislature of New-York, and immediate measures by adopting the proposed improvements, to be prepared to forward without delay and with increased velocity the passage of every boat, which may hereafter apply for admission on the Erie Canal.

We hope that our readers are by this time convinced, that it is the duty and policy of the people of New-York, to provide for the contingencies which have been mentioned before they occur; and that it is in their power to prevent the transit of articles from being arrested and diverted into other channels. By careful provisions, the State of New-York may enjoy the whole of the intercourse between the Atlantic and western States, and the vast advantage of being the entrepot of the commerce of the union.

Document 2

 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Source – Map and profiles of New York State Canals – Library of Congress

Document 3

 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Source – Map Railroad: Library of Congress

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Alongside the mosque of Cordoba, Villa Rotunda stands as an architectural marvel in Western Europe

 

Alongside the mosque of Cordoba, Villa Rotunda stands as an architectural marvel in Western Europe. The design, aesthetic grandeur, the décor and the landscape are perfectly blended to achieve a harmonised parallelism of the renaissance villas. The design, done by Andrea Palladio is a quintessential representative of the Venetian Renaissance art movement that was prominent during the construction and the excogitation of La Rotunda (Andreorio 18).

Direction and site of the Mansion

Currently, the mansion stands on the outskirts of Vicenza city in Italy and has been listed by the UNESCO as a world heritage site due to its unique and intelligible design. Facing the Western cardinal point, Palladio erected the building at the peak of the hillocks of Vicenza, a perfect location of the mansion considering the rocky nature of the area onto which the building is anchored onto.

Landscape of the mansion

Indicated on a hilly platform, the design of the mansion took into account a very key architectural principle in design – viewpoint. The focus of the designer, while locating the villa on the hilly location, was to establish a panoramic view of the surroundings (Mitrovic 119). Documented history reveals that Palladio himself, planned to locate the mansion at the centre of the hillocks overlooking the surrounding hills, this was to establish a decent façade for the villa, a marvel that contributes greatly to the aesthetical value of the building (Mitrovic 111).

In designing the location of the villa in terms of the landscape and the design of the surrounding environment, Palladio must have laid his main focus on getting maximum lighting from the sun (Bloszies 101).. The higher ground receives direct solar insolent (Parissien 118). The design was meant to capitalize on the full reception of the sun rays thereby providing maximum light to the building, a very important precept in design and construction. The patio erected by Palladio leading right into the front door of the house leaves a landmark terrace that has been termed as an extra reinforcement to the house. The design, according to analysts, was done to ease the accessibility to the main house; it linked the garden to the main house providing a perfect avenue for accessing the main house (Parissien 126).

La Rotunda: Landscape of the mansion

Villa Capra, La Rotunda, by Andrea Palladio

(http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/jan/05/architect-andrea-palladio)

Ventilation and circulation

Analysts have attributed the design of the palatial mansion to the humanistic approach that the renaissance art instituted during the design era of la Rotunda Villa (Bloszies 322). For the building to achieve maximum ventilation, Palladio insisted that the location of the mansion must be on top of one of the small Hillocks in Vincenzia (Semenzato 132). This concept was established from the architectural concept of elevating the house so that circulation of the air is from the high pressure zone (area around the villa), to the lowlands where the gardens were located. This intelligible concept was to capitalize on the movement patterns of the wind to aerate the rooms in the building (Semenzato 128). The stale air would be perfectly eliminated with a surety of replacement with fresh circulation (Semenzato 128).

The symmetrical plan, established through by Scammozi, the designer who took over after Palladio, was meant to tap onto the oncoming mild wind with a view to offering ventilation into the house (Semenzato 144). The four facades of the building were intelligibly designed so than they would not impair the flow of air in and out of other rooms. The plan was to establish a multi structural design with several facades with a central dome in the middle of the building. In design circles, the movement of air would be enhanced by this intelligible concept. The centre of the main building being dome shaped as compared to the rectangular facades which are symmetrical in design (Mitrovic 129).

Before the renaissance period, the ventilation designs were based on very “manual” and simplistic designs. Framed windows were used in the controlling of stale air and substituting the stale air with fresh circulation from the outside environment. In terms of heat insulation, the erstwhile design systems were based on very thick walls that were to hold heat from the fireplace. However, the renaissance architectural designs employed the use of well structured designs in the aeration and the insulation of the buildings. In the mansion, La Rotunda, Palladio focused more on the use of natural ventilation to regulate the temperature of the house (Mitrovic 111).

Using the concepts of physical sciences and the convectional currents, the intelligible design adopted a system where the hot stale air would escape at the well designed ventilators at the meridian of the building. At the basement, where Palladio expected concentrated saturation of fresh air, several holes were drilled to provide a channel through which the fresh air would circulate into the main house from the basement to replenish the stale air within the main house. The stale air would be escaping through the vents that border the roofline. This concept ensures that the villa is in constant supply of fresh air from the basement. The location of the dome at the top provided a significant platform where the convectional currents would curl even as they leave the building. The large window panels were also responsible for the aeration of the mansion. This is as indicated in the illustrations below.

a p1Ventilation of the mansion

(http://www.bath.ac.uk/cwct/cladding_org/icbest97/paper1.pdf)

Lighting of the villa

Modern architectural designs put a lot of emphasis on the lighting system. With the current concern on the conservation of energy, the significance of this thought in designs cannot be gainsaid. The villa had an elaborate framework of ensuring that circulation of light into the huge mansion was made efficient (Mitrovic 231). The robust size of the building and the towering dome was a brilliant thought of tapping into the rays of the sun to light the house. Note the chimney in the dome responsible as the “inlet” of light into the building. The windows of the mansion, for a fact, guarantees maximum lighting for the building. Palladio, nevertheless, wanted much more than that; the design demands of the renaissance were more than just simplistic approaches to design but rather an informed approach to design issues. The Palladian windows, to say the least are considered one of the most efficient designs in terms of ventilations due to their sizes (Bloszies 311).

The radiation of the passages from the central dome of the house was meant to provide maximum lighting at the centre of the building. This concept of course, had religious intonations in it but all in all, immensely contributed in the “ushering” of light into the mansion. Several designers have also attributed the landscaping of the mansion to the desire of Palladio to let in maximum lighting into the building. The planting of the garden was regularly done to allow for selected rooms to receive maximum lighting. But above all, the fact that Palladio raised the basement onto which the main house is anchored provided the solution to the lighting issues (Rybczynski 437). This elevation above the ground inherently exposed the building to the rays of the sun ensuring that there was no blockage of the sun’s rays but the trees which were planted at the garden located at a much lower elevation compared to the main house.

The illustration below highlights this concept as a well thought model of ensuring that the house receives maximum light and very little obstruction of the lighting pathways by the well manicures gardens. A clear indication of where design and aesthetics converge to form a harmonised concept (Mitrovic 200). Note the elevation of the mansion from the basement and the positioning of the house in reference to the gardens.

https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS2eH9yKIH8keDDa5JfjZxPwPnChvVnn7QFOuzyUDY3O2pCKENSsw

(http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2013/may/24/villas-veneto-italy-open-doors)

The patios

Accessibility to the structure has been eased by the numerous patios that emphatically attach to the main building from the centre and onto the left and the right of the mansion. With the undulating shape, comfort is ensured while entering into the mansion and accessibility to the gardens and the lawns eased (Rybczynski 433). An apologist of harmony and consonance with the mathematical concepts of geometry, Palladio ensured symmetry by the institution of patios on either side of the building with very similar features including the elevation, angle and even the design outlook.

The focus of the design was to direct the patios to meet at one central point of the mansion. This was to enhance accessibility into the house and also to facilitate the accessibility to the other four facades of the house from one central point – at the dome. Palladio borrowed the dome from the church designs which was a common feature in that era. The manner, in which all the three patios meet at the dome, as earlier mentioned, had hidden religious message. This was very significant in an era where religion formed the foundation of any intellectual work.

Of most significant to note, is the supporting role of these patios. It is disclosed that these structures enhanced the foundational tenacity of the building; they anchored the mansion firmly onto the ground providing a boost to the foundation laid from the basement of the building (Andreorio 443). Analysts and designers of the renaissance art attributes this to the provisions of the architectural design of that era, they focused so much on the strengthening the building firmly onto the ground but with features that improved upon the design of the building. This graspable concept is currently applied in the design of this era: finding the intersection between strength and design (Bloszies 181). The strength must be achieved but with the aspect of aesthetics in mind. The renaissance design seems to have been a very loyal proponent of this school of thought and for that matter; Palladio embraced its use in the villa Rotunda. This synthesis between the design endurance and the visual stimulation has been widely borrowed in the present architectural designs (Parrissien 51)

Patios of villa Rotunda

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(http://en.wikiarquitectura.com/index.php/Villa_Rotonda)

Works Cited

Andreorio, A. (2008). Venus in Venice: explorations of the mythological origins of Venetian identity in renaissance art. West Hartford, CT: University of Hartford.

Bloszies, C. (2012). Old buildings, new designs: architectural transformations. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.

Mitrovic, B. (2004). Learning from Palladio. New York: W.W. Norton.

Parissien, S. (2000). Palladian style. London: Phaidon.

Rybczynski, W. (2002). The perfect house: a journey with the Renaissance master Andrea Palladio. New York: Scribner.

Semenzato, C. (2008). The Rotonda of Andrea Palladio. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.

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