Write an argumentative research paper on a managed care-related topic, assumption or myth; thoroughly explaining what it is, why it’s important, and how it fundamentally impacts the managed care system today. You are to form reasons, draw conclusions and apply them to your findings. The purpose is not to completely prove your point, but to convince readers, with your evidence, that your argument or position has merit.
Choose a current issue, technology, or other concept dealing with managed care. Below are approved main topics that you can select from.
• Influence of pay-for-performance programs
• Necessity of disease management programs
• Influence of electronic prescribing on quality healthcare services
• Disease prevention with aging population
• Accreditation and performance measurement
• Use of personal and electronic health records
• Obesity and utilization of managed care
• Obesity and food sources
• Technology and transmission of health information
• Technology and privacy of health information
• Universal healthcare and healthcare costs
• Social media and health education
o Assignment details and technical requirements, presenting “a managed care-related topic, thoroughly explaining what it is, why it’s important, and how it fundamentally impacts the managed care system today.”
o Presents an argumentative paper with reasoning and evidence of debatable issue.

1. Anationalrepresentativesurveyofstudentsingrades7-12askedaboutthe experience of these students with respect to sexual harassment. The students were asked whether or not they were harassed in person and whether or not they were harassed online. Here are the data for the boys:
1. (a) What is the sample proportion of being harassed in person given being harassed online? (call it ????”) What is the sample proportion of being harassed in person given not being harassed online? (call it ????#)
2. (b) Is there a difference between the two sample proportions? (Conduct a two sample proportion test with significance level 0.05)
3. (c) Is there an association between being harassed online and in person? (significant level 0.05)
(d) What do you find when you compare your statistics in part (b) and (c)? [Check the squared z statistic in part (b)]
2. APewInternetsurveyaskedcollegepresidentswhetherornottheybelieved that online courses offer an equal educational value when compared with courses taken in the classroom. The presidents were classified by the type of educational institution. Here are the data:
(a) Show the distribution of response using barplots for each of the institution type. (?barplot in R, check the argument ‘beside’)
(b) Is there an association between the presidents’ opinion to the question above with their institution types? (significant level 0.05)
Harassed in person Harassed online
Yes No
Yes 183 154
No 48 578
Response Institution Type
4-year private 4-year public 2-year private For profit
Yes 36 50 66 54
No 62 48 34 45

3. Asurveyof13,691Canadianstudentswhoenrolledinprivatecareercolleges was conducted to understand student participation in the private postsecondary education system. Students were asked about their field of study and how they paid for their education. A major source of funding was government loans. Here are the survey percents of Canadian private students who use government loans to finance their education by field of study:
Field of study Number of students Percent using government loans
Trades 942 45%
Design 599 53%
Health 5234 55%
Media/IT 3238 55%
Service 1378 60%
Other 2300 47%
1. (a) Construct the 6 by 2 table of counts from above table. (No need to round up to integers)
2. (b) Test the null hypothesis that the percent of students using government loans to finance their education does not vary with field of study. What is your conclusion? (significant level 0.05)
4. RecalltheexampleoflongleafpinetreesintheWadeTract.Wewantto examine whether the distribution of trees in the tract is random or not. First, we divide the tract into four equal parts, or quadrants, in the east-west direction. Call the four pars Q1 to Q4. Then we take a random sample of trees and count the number of trees in each quadrant. Here are the data:
1. (a) If the trees are randomly distributed, we expect to find 26 trees in each quadrant. Why? Explain your answer.
2. (b) However, we do not really expect to get exactly 26 trees in each quadrant. Why?
3. (c) Perform the goodness-of-fit test for these data to determine if these trees are randomly scattered. What is your conclusion. (significant level 0.05)
Quadrant Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Count 40 18 24 22

5. Kiplinger’s“BestValuesinPublicColleges”providesarankingofU.S.public colleges based on a combination of various measures of academics and affordability. We’ll consider a random collection of 40 colleges from Kiplinger’s 2011-2012 report and focus on the average debt in dollars at graduation (AvgDebt) and the percent of students who borrow (PercBorrow). Below is the output from R for the simple linear regression of AvgDebt on PercBorrow.
1. (a) State the least-squares regression line.
2. (b) Construct a 95% confidence interval for the slope. What does this interval tell you about the change in average debt for a change in the percent who borrow?
3. (c) At Miami University, 51% of the students borrow, and the average debt is $27,315. What is the residual?