Do you agree or disagree with this solution for addressing diversity in healthcare and why or why not? How would you address these diversity issues of the Unites States?

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ASIGNMENT 1
Cultural Diversity and Teamwork in Healthcare Ethics
Consider the scenarios given below and answer the questions listed after each scenario. Justify your answers with appropriate research and reasoning.
Scenario 1
In the past, paternalism among healthcare providers was an accepted way of practicing medicine. Patients sought care from physicians and accepted their opinions and treatment choices without question. However, in today’s healthcare industry, there has been a shift away from paternalism as patients become active in their treatment choices and work as a team with their healthcare professionals. In the light of these facts, answer the following questions:
• What do you feel has caused this shift and why?
• Do you think this shift is for the better? How do you think this team approach to care can affect a patient’s care choices?
Scenario 2
With increasing diversity in the United States, a question has arisen regarding what accommodations should be made to assist the diverse population. Some groups or individuals feel in order to address the increasingly diverse population; we must employ a medical staff that is reflective of a community’s population. For example, if half of the population in a community is Hispanic, the medical office staff should be comprised of Hispanic workers.
• Do you agree or disagree with this solution for addressing diversity in healthcare and why or why not? How would you address these diversity issues of the Unites States?
• In the United States healthcare system, disparities such as socioeconomic, racial, and ethnic can be found. What do you feel are the most important disparities that need to be addressed in the healthcare industry? How do the disparities affect individuals in terms of healthcare and what do you feel is the best course of action to remedy each disparity and why?

How important is this study to medical microbiology?

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Journal Article review Guidelines
1. Summary of background and contents of paper (50% of marks)
Write two to three pages on the background and contents of the paper, this should cover the background of the study, and a summary of the study and its outcomes.
You should write a short review of the background of the article to make its context in medical microbiology clear, this should include a short discussion of the other relevant published studies in the area. This is likely to include the studies referenced in the article you are reading, but should also include other studies they don’t mention. In the case of a very novel technique there may be few other published studies, in which case you should focus your discussion of the background of the paper on the problem that it is addressing and its significance.
Your summary of the work done in the paper should cover the introduction, materials and methods, results and discussion sections. You may either write a section under each of these sections or write an overall “summary” of the contents of the paper, provided all sections are mentioned in your report. Don’t forget to read any supplementary information that is linked to the paper.
As this paper is written primarily for microbiologists working in medical microbiology, there may be some sections that are not explained in the detail that you need for your own understanding. In that case, go to the literature and fill in the gaps. Additional references used should be cited using the Vancouver referencing system.

Critical Review. 50% of marks
The aim of this section is to show the examiner that you have understood the purpose, need for and content of the paper- particularly in relation to other published work in the field.
Present a critical review of the article. The following points will be helpful in the review: It is not essential that you answer all of these questions (not all will be directly relevant to the article you have chosen): or even that you write your review in the order set out below, but use these points as a guide and check list.
The major focus of the critical review should be the findings of the study, or the experimental approach in relation to other published work in the field.
You can point out typographic and grammatical errors, or state whether you think some parts of the paper are too long, or difficult to understand, but do not devote a large part of your review to these issues.

Questions to consider when critically reviewing an article:

General:
• How original is this paper? For example, is it simply applying the methods used in another study to a new situation or is the idea completely novel?
• Are there any published studies on the same topic?
• What is unique about this study?
• How important is this study to medical microbiology?
• Are there any sections of the paper that are too long and could be shortened?
• Is the writing clear, simple and concise?
Abstract
• Does the abstract outline the aims of the study, main methods, results and conclusions?
Introduction
• Does the introduction state the research question to be addressed?
• Is sufficient background information provided for readers to understand the question?
Materials and methods
• Are the methods appropriate to the research question/s being addressed?
• Are the methods described in sufficient detail to be repeated by another microbiologist? Is any important information missing?
• Have references been provided for all the methods, except new ones developed by the authors?
Results
• Are there any results in the text that would be better presented in a table or figure?
• Is there any material presented in a table or figure that would be better presented in the text? Is there any repetition of results in text AND a table or figure?
Discussion
• Do you agree with the author’s interpretation of results? And the significance of the study? (You are free to agree or disagree- you need to justify your statements with explanations and or reference to relevant scientific literature)
• Have the authors clearly distinguished between their own results and the results of others?
• Are there any negative findings in the results that could be important but have not been discussed?
• Have the authors adequately discussed their results and conclusions in relation to the results of other investigators?
• Are the author’s conclusions acceptable and is there sufficient evidence for the conclusions they have drawn?
• Do the findings of the study agree with, or contradict other studies? Has this been discussed?
• Are there any relevant studies on this topic that have not been referred to or discussed by the authors?
References
• Check that all statements in the text that require a reference are properly referenced.
Tables and figures
• Do all tables and figures have complete legends so that they can be understood without reference to the text?
• Could any of the tables and figures be omitted or simplified?
Ethics and Conflicts of interest:
If relevant- Were all studies approved by the relevant animal or human ethics committees?
Do you think there could be any conflict of interest regarding the results of the study? Are any conflicts declared? Are there commercial interests in the study?

Discuss the impact of lifespan development on the perspectives of the various members of the family

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Grandmother Ella has been dealing with cancer for years now and has tried alternative remedies and juicing. She went into remission for some time, but now the cancer has returned and she is in the hospital. Her husband, of American Indian descent, has his ideas about what needs to be done as Ella comes to the end of her life. Ella has her preferences, though she is now so weak that she has given up in many ways. The family members are each experiencing their own fears and are grieving as they face the loss that will occur as Ella’s life comes to a close. Ella prefers to die at home and has felt stressed by the discord and discomfort of family members since being hospitalized. You are the social worker for this case. You meet this family in the hospital setting as they are considering whether the patient will remain there for her final days or whether hospice and palliative care will be provided for her in her home. For this assignment, you will:1.Synthesize the current research that is relevant to this scenario.2.Discuss the cultural or traditional issues that could arise at this time. Consider how the integration of alternative and complementary medicine and beliefs, mainstream medical practices, and cultural/traditional rituals and practices might create issues and what they might include.oDescribe how the family might react to the following possible scenarios:•Ella wishes to stick with alternative and complementary practices.•Ella is coerced into following mainstream medical advice.•Ella’s husband insists that, as father and husband, his family traditions should be adhered to.oExamine the biological basis for care and describe how the choices for care might affect the other family members with respect to their individual problems, if at all.•Son Sam, the alcoholic•Daughter Lila, with diabetes•Grandson Josh, starting to have drug problems•Granddaughter Lucy, bipolar with more entrenched drug problems•Daughter-in-law, Sarah’s stress related to her family’s medical issues (nephew with leukemia, brother with HIV, and her father’s perspective that they are all “crazy!”)3.Discuss the micro, mezzo, and macro influences affecting both the patient and the diverse family members in this scenario as impacted by Ella’s medical condition and prognosis.oWhat are the pertinent and likely family (micro) conflicts and differences, and concerns that could be encountered? oHow is the neighborhood and extended family (mezzo) reacting to the situation?oIf she returns home, what considerations need to be taken into account as part of her discharge plan? Using your local area, research and present the needed or preferred community resources (macro) that would be available to them. Critique the ability of these community resources to adequately meet the needs of this diverse family’s circumstances.4.Discuss the relevant medical issues and the advantages and disadvantages of hospital versus home. When discussing medical issues in this case, use appropriate medical terminology. 5.Discuss the psychological and social issues that are present and will possibly be more pronounced at this stressful time. How has the fact that this illness has been ongoing (chronic) impacted the family?6.Analyze the current scenario as it pertains to diversity, as well as to cultural, psychological, and social perspectives and influences, taking into account the stories that you have been discussing throughout the course.7.Discuss the impact of lifespan development on the perspectives of the various members of the family (i.e., their intellect, cognitive abilities, insight, and judgment) as well as their sociocultural perspectives, preferences, understandings, and positions on the situation.1.Must be eight to ten double-spaced pages in length.

What is the American Medical Association doing to expand coverage for the uninsured?

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Visit the National Coalition on Health Care Website. Briefly describe who they are, what they do, and their principles for improving our current health care system.
• http://www.nchc.org/
1. What is the American Medical Association doing to expand coverage for the uninsured?
2. Visit the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Website. Choose a specific population and also a disease that the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality is researching. Briefly discuss the scope of the problem, background, as well as the impact of AHRQ Research.
• http://www.ahcpr.gov/
1. Why is it important to have a balance of all five health components?
2. Briefly describe an example (not discussed in the lecture) of how one can participate in primary prevention.
3. Why is disease prevention important? Explain your answer in a few short paragraphs.
4. Visit the American Diabetes Association Website. Complete their risk test. Briefly explain the results.
• http://www.diabetes.org/risk-test.jsp
1. Visit the Healthy People 2010 Website, review the PowerPoint slide presentation at the link listed below, and answer the following questions using information from both the slides and Website.
• Health People – Website
1. How many focus areas are there? List five.
2. What were the previous initiatives titled?
3. What are the four health pillars?
4. How many Americans die each year of a chronic disease?
5. Visit the Healthy People 2010 Website. List and briefly discuss 5 links featured on the site that can help people make better choices about their health care.
• Health People – Website
1. List the two goals of Healthy People 2010. How do these relate to the three categories of health behavior?
2. Discuss the various ways that Healthy People 2010 is being implemented throughout the country.