Discuss the difference between instrumental and recreational use of drugs.

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1. Many drugs have been used for medical purposes at one time or another. Aside from Marijuana, pick two currently illicit drugs that have been previously utilized in a legal medical capacity and explain the medical rationale behind their use. Conclude your answer with a description of why each drug was later banned from medical usage.
2. Discuss the difference between instrumental and recreational use of drugs. In your discussion include at least one licit and one illicit drug.
3. In the video “Poverty in Chicago” (Module 2) heroin is depicted as a pronounced inner city problem. Present at least one explanation of this phenomenon using one of the sociological perspectives on drug use found in Chapter 5 of the Levinthal text (4th ed, starting on p. 90).
4. Drug abuse is typically associated with depressed inner city areas, but methamphetamine is very much a problem in rural areas. Discuss the reasons methamphetamine is equally or more prevalent than other illicit drugs in areas outside America’s inner cities.
5. Explain the drug Salvia divinorum. Include in your discussion: its history, effects and potency, accessibility, what the DEA has said about this drug, any toxicity concerns, and the results of a 2013 Michigan survey. Based on what you’ve learned about Salvia, should the criminal justice system be concerned about this drug in the future? Explain why or why not.
6. Discuss the specific adverse effects of marijuana on driving skills. Conclude your discussion by offering your view to the following: based on what is known, should DUI include driving under the influence of marijuana? Explain why or why not.

Suggest how the research might have been conducted differently to avoid or minimize the ethical problems. Discuss how research can be done on sensitive issues while still protecting the rights of the research subjects.

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A company’s culture is often buried so deeply inside rituals, assumptions, attitudes, and values that it becomes transparent to an organization’s members only when, for some reason it changes.

—Rob Goffee

Culture is embedded within every organization. Yet, because culture is woven throughout the everyday interactions and atmosphere of an organization, it can be difficult to assess and explain how the culture influences the inner workings of the organization.
As a nurse leader-manager, developing a sound understanding of an organization’s culture can help you to achieve quality improvement initiatives and identify strategies for enacting sustainable change.
For this Discussion, you analyze the culture of an organization and consider how this relates to achieving goals related to quality improvement. You may wish to focus on the same organization that you have selected for your Course Project.

To prepare:

Review the information on organizational culture in this week’s Learning Resources.
Reflect on the culture of an organization with which you are familiar. Consider the following:
What elements of the organization’s culture seem most prominent or significant to you?
What beliefs, dispositions, and/or actions seem to be most valued? Why do you think so?
What do you notice about the expectations, assumptions, and more demonstrated among people within the organization?
What artifacts provide clues about the culture?
How do these cultural elements contribute to or detract from the organization’s ability to meet prominent goals and objectives?
Consider how you, as a nurse leader-manager, could apply your knowledge of this culture to facilitate quality improvement initiatives within this organization. How would you leverage the strengths of the culture, and address limitations or obstacles that may arise within it?

Discussion: Ethical Dimensions of Research Studies

In the best-selling book, The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks (Skloot, 2010), the author highlights the true story of an African-American woman who died in 1951 from cervical cancer. What makes her story unique is that prior to her death, cells from her tumor were removed and successfully grown in a petri dish. This was the first time scientists were able to successfully replicate cells outside the body, and it is estimated that billions of Lacks’ cells have been used in medical research. However, Henrietta Lacks was never asked for permission to take a sample and her family was never made aware of the widespread use of her cells. Although the culturing of her cells has been pivotal for advancing research, strong ethical concerns later arose about using these cells without patient or family approval.

This week’s readings describe historical examples of unethical research, such as a study of syphilis among African-American men in which treatment was withheld and a study in which live cancer cells were injected into elderly patients. Today, stricter controls that seek to protect study participants are placed on researchers, but breaches still occur. Careful attention must be given toward preventing unethical behavior. In this Discussion, you explore ethical considerations and issues in research.

To prepare:

Select a current health-related case involving research ethics. (If none come to mind, browse the Internet to familiarize yourself with recent cases.)
As you review the case that you have selected, reflect on the ethical principles discussed in “What Are the Major Ethical Issues in Conducting Research?” article found in this week’s Learning Resources. Which principles were breached in the case you have identified?

Post a description of the case that you selected and the ethical issues involved. Analyze the ethical principles that were breached by the researchers or organizations in your selected case as well as the possible cause of the breach(es). Suggest how the research might have been conducted differently to avoid or minimize the ethical problems. Discuss how research can be done on sensitive issues while still protecting the rights of the research subjects.

What is the difference between fallacy of equivocation and fallacy of amphiboly?

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CLEARLY IDENTIFY THE PREMISS (ES) AND CONCLUSION IN EACH OF THE 10 ARGUMENTATIVE PASSAGES
a) A well-regulated militia is necessary to the security of a free state; and, as such, the rights of the people to keep and bear arms shall or must not be infringed upon.

a. Tortured prisoners will say or do anything in order not to relieve that tormenting and painful experience. As a result, torture is not a reliable method of interrogation.

b) Expectant mothers should never use recreational drugs,since the use of such recreational drugs can jeopardize the full development and health of the fetus.

c) Contrary to what many people think, a positive test for HIV is not necessarily a death sentence. For one reason, the time from the development of antibodies to clinical symptoms averages nearly ten years. And for another reason, many reports are suggesting that a significant number of people who test positive may never develop clinical AIDS.

d) Forbear to judge other people, for we are all sinners before God.

e) Wisdom is the most important thing in this life. So get wisdom and be happy in life.

f) Mad cow disease is spreading by feeding parts of infected animals to cows, and this practice has yet to be completely eradiated. Thus, mad cow disease continues to pose a threat to people who eat beef.

g) Thinking is a function of a human being’s immortal soul. Human beings have immortal soul and can think. Hence human beings are immortal and can also think.

h) Titanium combines readily with oxygen and other chemical substances can have an adverse effect on burning substances. In conclusion, titanium must not be processed in the vicinity of substances like nitrogen, hydrogen and similar elements.

i) The classroom teacher is crucial to the development and academic success of the average student, and administrators are simply ancillary to this effort. Hence, classroom teachers ought to be paid the equivalent of what the administrators and superintendents make.

3) IDENTIFY AND NAME THE SPECIFIC INFORMAL FALLACY/FALLACIES COMMITTED IN EACH OF THE THESE ARGUMENTATIVE PASSAGES
a) Ms. Oprah Winfrey is an incredibly popular television personality, very influential black entertainer, and one of the richest women in the world today. She said recently that taking Vitamin X & Z products are good and can reduce obesity. So if you do not feel well, take Vitamin X & Z! _______________________________________________

b) Everyone these days is on a low-crab diet. Therefore, you should go on a low-crab diet too in order to do what everyone else is doing! _________________________________

c) Television entertainer and social critic Mr. Bill Maher argues that religion is just a lot of foolish nonsense. But Mr. Maher is an arrogant, shameless, and self-righteous pig. His argument is not worth listening to. _________________________________________

d) Can I ask you this questions: “have you stopped cheating on our examinations, yet”? And also “why do you always like to cheat during examinations?” _____________________
e) Whoever trusts a knife into somebody else or uses it to cut another individual should be arrested and send to jail (prison). But medical doctors and some surgeons, at various medical clinics and hospitals, use knife to cut people up during surgeries or other medical procedures. Therefore, there is no question that surgeons and other medical professionals should be arrested and send to prison. _____________________________

f) The editors of the Daily Register have accused our company of being one of the city’s worst water polluters. But come to think about it, the Daily Register has been responsible for much more pollution than any other business enterprise in the area. After all, they own the Western Paper Company, and evidence shows that that company discharges tons of chemical residue into the city’s river or waterways every day and seven days a week. _____________________________

g) The position open in the accounting department should be given to Mr. Arah. He has six hungry children to feed, take care of and support. Worse still, his beautiful wife is about to divorce him, because he desperately needs an eye surgery to save his eyesight. Mr. Arah really needs some help! _____________________________________________

h) Surely, you are smart and we welcome you to our association with fantastic benefits for joining. If you had not joined, I would ask you to imagine or think of all the money that you could have lost from broken windows, overturned cars/trucks, and the damaged merchandize in your store by our young thugs. _______________________________

i) So many people have been trying for centuries to provide conclusive evidence for the claims of astrology, and no one has yet succeeded. So we must conclude that the truth of astrology is a lot of nonsense. _________________________________________

J) Successful business executives and corporate leaders everywhere are paid salaries in excess of $100.000 for working hard and making proper investments that enable them dress well and look sharp. As a result, the best way to ensure that students will become highly successful entrepreneurs is for them to dress well. ________________________

PART 4:
a) What is the difference between stipulative definition and lexical definition? __________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

b) What is the difference between fallacy of equivocation and fallacy of amphiboly? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

c) What is the difference between formal fallacy and informal fallacy? ________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

e) What have you learned so far from taking this philosophy/logic course? ______________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

f) What have you learned so far in this course (in terms of the nature of the discipline, value or benefits of studying/majoring in philosophy, and being exposed to logic?

Describe the history of the U.S. health care system. Include at least three of the revolutionary factors

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Final Presentation: Part I
Look ahead at the Final Presentation directions in Week Five. The assignment this week is Part I of that presentation. For this assignment, Part 1, you will provide an overview of the U.S. healthcare system. Follow the instructions below to complete this part of your Final Presentation:

Introduction: Include a title slide. Next, include an introductory slide where you will identify yourself and describe the nature of this presentation.

Part I (of the Final Presentation): The U.S. healthcare system. Define the U.S. healthcare system by addressing the following:
•
o Describe the history of the U.S. health care system. Include at least three of the revolutionary factors (e.g., the teacher’s union in Dallas, Texas; The American Medical Association; Civil War, first Marine Hospital, etc.). Chapter two in our textbook discusses the evolution of our healthcare system and is a good resource for this part of the presentation.
o Identify at least one major development from each of the following: financial, legal, ethical, regulatory, and social [e.g., consumer demand] that transformed the system into what it is today. You may want to revisit the healthcare timeline.
• Differentiate the stakeholders and their roles (e.g., healthcare professionals, clients [patients], health insurance organizations, government,colleges, and health care agencies
o Include the positive and negative contributions of how they affect the health care system).