This question refers to the below PDP8 datapath that is valid only for instructions with op codes 0-5 (the 6 standard memory-based instructions), and only for direct-access (the indirect stage is not included).
So far, we have pretended on our PDP8 datapath that control lines come out of nowhere (magic!) Actually, the control lines come from a control unit that takes input from a few different sources. For the subset of instructions supported by the datapath above, the control unit will input the 3-bit op code of the instruction (held in the IR), and a single bit from the Major State Generator. The op code determines which instruction to execute (000=AND, 001=TAD, 010=ISZ, 011=DCA, 100=JMS, 101=JMP), and the state bit determines in which state the datapath is currently functioning (0 for fetch, and 1 for execute). This question ignores the other 2 op codes and the indirect stage.
Of the control values shown in blue on the diagram above, all can be set using these 4 bits except “Page”. We have not discussed the PDP8 ALU, so you can ignore the ALUop control, but you should be able to determine the rest.Give a minimal logic expression for each of the control values. Set “don’t-care” values strategically to minimize the expressions. Usec2, c1,andc0to represent the 3 bits from the op code, withc2most significant. Usesto represent the state bit. Minimize each expression however you want, but given the 4 input bits, one Karnaugh map for each control will definitely work.
As an example, the minimal expression forIRwis just~s(not s), as IR should be written always when in the fetch state, and never when in the execute state. The rest are probably more complicated.
Notes on this datapath implementation:

– ISZ uses the ALU to add 1 to the read data and write the result back to memory. The actual skip
logic is not shown and you do not have to explain it, only the controls that are shown in blue.

– DCA uses the ACin MUX to write a 0 to the AC instead of the ALU output.

– You can just ignore the link bit.

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Assignment 1: Essay – Exploring Ancient Mysteries

Due Week 2 and worth 100 points

Choose one (1) of the topics below and develop a three to four (3-4) paragraph essay (of at least 250-500 words) which adequately address the topic you have chosen.

Topic Choices

-There have been many theories regarding how the pyramids at Giza were constructed. Most experts agree that they were constructed as burial monuments for pharaohs, but “how” these ancient people constructed monuments of such great size without modern machinery is a mystery which is still being debated.
-No one can say for certain what happened to the great urban Mayan civilization, but theories abound and include varied possible alternatives to explain the relatively abrupt and mysterious disappearance of the Mayan civilization.
-Tutankhamen died young, at approximately eighteen (18) years of age. However, his cause of death has been the subject of quite varied scholarly theories and conclusions. Did he die of an injury, of illness, of murder, or something else?.
-Minoan Crete was a major civilization in its time, but several theories have been advanced to explain its demise, including speculations associating it with mythical Atlantis. What were the causes of Minoan Civilization’s decline?
-Great Zimbabwe is an enormous complex of structures in East Africa. Since the builders and occupants left no written records, several theories have developed as to the identity of its builders and the functions of the structures. Which theory makes the most sense?
-The monumental size and complexity of the Tomb of Shihuangdi is astounding, yet its location and construction details were to be kept secret. What was the emperor’s purpose for such an elaborate, secret burial place?

-Other topic choice recommended and approved by the professor and supported by the grading rubric.

Write a three to four (3-4) paragraph paper in which you:

Clearly state the “mystery” and provide a brief summary of at least two (2) reasonable and scholarly theories which could explain the mystery. Because some theories may sound far-fetched, include the source or promoter of each theory – such as a scientist, a historian, a theologian, etc.
After summarizing at least two (2) scholarly theories, identify one (1) of the theories as the most plausible and provide at least two (2) convincing reasons why the theory you have chosen is the best one to explain the mystery. This will involve some critical reasoning skills on your part.
Use at least two (2) sources plus the class textbook. (Three [3] sources total as the minimum) Note: Wikipedia and other similar Websites do not qualify as academic resources. You are highly encouraged to use the Resource Center tab at the top of your Blackboard page.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:

Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA style format. Both in-text citations and a References list are required. Citations and references must follow APA style format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions. (Note: Students can find APA style materials located in the course shell for guidance).
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length. For our purposes, you may omit any abstract page.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:

Explain how key social, cultural, and artistic contributions contribute to historical changes.
Explain the importance of situating a society’s cultural and artistic expressions within a historical context.
Examine the influences of intellectual, religious, political, and socio-economic forces on social, cultural, and artistic expressions.
Identify major historical developments in world cultures during the eras of antiquity to the Renaissance
Use technology and information resources to research issues in the study of world cultures.
Write clearly and concisely about world cultures using proper writing mechanics.
Click here to view the grading rubric.
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