Economic implication of steroid use in baseball

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Economic implication of steroid use in baseball (estimate and analysis of lost productivity, lost earnings due to suspensions, banning and due to health implications.

The federal government today launched a highly anticipated website detailing at least $3.5 billion in financial ties in a five-month period between medical device and drug companies and physicians and teaching hospitals. The Open Payments website is the first public repository of national data describing financial relationships between industry and healthcare providers. Critics of these payments say these payments can inappropriately influence clinical decisions. The database was required by the Physician Payments Sunshine Act, a provision of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act that was spearheaded by Sen. Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa).

The records are organized into three categories: general payments, research payments and physician ownership and investments. Manufacturers made 4.4 million payments to 546,000 physicians and 1,360 teaching hospitals from Aug. 1, 2013 to Dec. 31, 2013. More records will be published for this period at a later date.
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The Open Payments website is expected to increase transparency of payments for research, consulting and promotional work and other transfers of value of $10 or more, such as gifts, travel, and meals, made by manufacturers and group purchasing organizations to physicians and teaching hospitals. There also will be information about physicians’ ownership and investment in manufacturers or group purchasing organizations. In addition, the CMS has proposed to include payments to doctors who provide accredited continuing medical education services.
“Transparency shouldn’t stop doctors from receiving a payment if they want to,” Grassley said. “It should empower consumers to learn whether their doctors take payments and if so, why, and whether that matters to them.”

 

 

 

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The reported payments are organized into three categories: general payments, research payments and physician ownership and investments. This round of data includes payments made between Aug. 1, 2013, and Dec. 31, 2013. In the future, the database will publish payment information gathered over the course of a calendar year and will be updated in June of the following year.
Concerns about the accuracy of some payment records prompted the CMS to withhold about one-third of the data for the launch. Those records are published in a de-identified format that does not include specific information such as the name of the physician. The CMS plans to refresh the 2013 data before the publication of the 2014 data.

Citing concerns about the accuracy of the data, the American Medical Association has urged the CMS to delay publication of the data base. Other groups including the Advanced Medical Technology Association and the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America have expressed concerns about whether the database would provide adequate context to enable consumers to understand what the payments represent and how they can promote healthcare research and better quality of care.
Meanwhile, supporters of the Sunshine Act hope patients will gain access to information to help them understand how payments may influence their doctors to prescribe certain drugs or order particular procedures or other services. “Consumers deserve to know the financial relationships among these players,” Lisa Swirsky, senior policy analyst for Consumers Union, the advocacy arm of Consumer Reports, said in a written statement. “These manufacturers need to put more focus on research, less focus on marketing, and we hope this kind of financial transparency will encourage that.”

Turner syndrome

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Disorders

Choose one of the seven disorders you read about in this unit: Fragile X syndrome, ADHD, Turner syndrome, Down syndrome, Williams syndrome, autism, and FAS. Respond to the following questions using the disorder you chose.

Your friend Alice tells you that her daughter Lauren has been recently diagnosed with this disorder. Alice would like more details and comes to you for information.

Provide a description of the disorder.

Ask three friends or family members who are not in the field of medicine or psychology what they know about the cause and symptoms of the disorder. Analyze their replies and discuss what this might imply about how this disorder is known and perceived by the general public.

Alice expresses guilt that she may have caused Lauren’s disorder and is also concerned that it might occur again in future offspring. What would you advise her in terms of preventive actions, available testing, and reproduction options?

please give at least three solid references and explain the reference with examples

200-300 words

Describe the anatomy (structure) and physiology (function) of a plant. Is the structure of your plant a modification from the standard root, stem, leaf, or flower?

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Plants develop specialized roots, stems, leaves, and flowers to make them better adapted to their environment. People exploit many of these modifications as vegetables. An example of this is the taproot of carrots. The carrot plant stores sugars in the taproot to supply energy for the formation of flowers in later development. People dig up and eat the taproots while the sugar content is still high. Complete the following:

  • Describe the anatomy (structure) and physiology (function) of a plant. Is the structure of your plant a modification from the standard root, stem, leaf, or flower?
  • Explain how this structure differs from the standard root, stem, leaf, or flower.
  • Compare the plant that you have chosen, its structure, and its function with 1 or more of your classmates’ choices.

Part 2

Animals are important for humans in ways other than providing food. Medicines, clothing, beauty, fuel, air quality, building materials, and industrial products are a few of the ways in which humans exploit animals. Complete the following:

  • Choose 1 product or benefit that people get from animals (besides food), describe it, and explain how people benefit.
  • Which do you think is the most important benefit of animals? Select 1 benefit and explain.
  • List 3 adaptations that animals have that plants do not have.

Provide references in APA format. This includes a reference list and in-text citations for references used throughout the assignment.

What key characteristic do you look for to indicate that Randall has schizophrenia and not autism?

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  1. Part 2: Next, take one of the differential diagnoses listed in Part 1, and explain how you would make a differential diagnosis between your primary diagnosis and that particular differential diagnosis. Next, apply it to Randall’s case.  In other words you are going to explain why Randall has the primary diagnosis that you gave him and not the common differential diagnosis. For example, if you gave Randall the primary diagnosis of schizophrenia (he doesn’t have schizophrenia), you would need to list autism as a common differential diagnosis, and then explain how you would make a differential diagnosis between schizophrenia and autism. What key characteristic do you look for to indicate that Randall has schizophrenia and not autism?  If there is additional information that you would like to have to help you make a differential diagnosis, you may discuss this here.

 

  1. Part 3: Take one of the common co-morbid conditions listed in part 1, and discuss whether or not Randall also has this common co-morbid condition in addition to his primary diagnosis. Explain why you think he also has this additional diagnosis by listing the specific symptoms that Randall displays or explain why he does not have this additional diagnosis by discussing what symptoms he does not display.  If there is additional information that you would like to have to be able to say that he has another diagnosis, you may discuss this here.  (10 points)

 

  1. Based on the known causes of the particular primary diagnosis you gave Randall, speculate about the cause(s) of his diagnosis. You don’t have enough information to definitively know what caused the problem. Consider the most common cause of the disorder.  It would be appropriate to address two or three causes; one that applies specifically to Randall’s situation and one based on the most common cause of the disorder. You want to explain these causes from a technical perspective. Use information from the textbook to explain why this causes the disorder that Randall has or provide data that supports that this is a true cause of the disorder. Hint: You absolutely need to cite information from the text or another source in this section. (10 points)