An investigator wants to design a study to estimate the difference in the mean BMI between boys and girls age 12 living in new york city

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An investigator wants to design a study to estimate the difference in the mean BMI between boys and girls age 12 living in new york city. How many boys and girls are needed to ensure that a 95{0e601fc7fe3603dc36f9ca2f49ef4cd268b5950ef1bbcf1f795cc00e94cdd119} confidence interval estimate for the difference in mean BMI between boys and girls has a margin of error not exceeding 2 units? Use the estimate of the variability in BMI from Problem 7.
Problem 7 states. The Mean body mass index (BMI) for boys age 12 is 23.6. An investigator wants to test if the BMI is higher in boys age 12 living in New York City. How many boys are needed to ensure that a two- sided test of hypothesis has 80{0e601fc7fe3603dc36f9ca2f49ef4cd268b5950ef1bbcf1f795cc00e94cdd119} power to detect an increase in BMI of 2 units? Assume that the standard deviation in BMI is 5.7.
AN INVESTIGATOR wants to design a study to estimate the difference in the proportion of men and women who develop early onset cardiovascular disease ( defined as cardiovascular disease before age 50). A study conducted 10 years ago found that 15{0e601fc7fe3603dc36f9ca2f49ef4cd268b5950ef1bbcf1f795cc00e94cdd119} and 8{0e601fc7fe3603dc36f9ca2f49ef4cd268b5950ef1bbcf1f795cc00e94cdd119} of men and women, respectively, developed early onset cardiovascular disease. How many men and women are needed to generate a 95{0e601fc7fe3603dc36f9ca2f49ef4cd268b5950ef1bbcf1f795cc00e94cdd119} confidence interval estimate for the difference in proportions with a margin of error not exceeding 4{0e601fc7fe3603dc36f9ca2f49ef4cd268b5950ef1bbcf1f795cc00e94cdd119}?
A clinical trial was conducted comparing a new compound designed to improve wound healing in Trauma patients to a placebo. After treatment for 5 days, 58{0e601fc7fe3603dc36f9ca2f49ef4cd268b5950ef1bbcf1f795cc00e94cdd119} of the Patients taking the new compound had a substantial reduction in the size of their wound as compared to 44{0e601fc7fe3603dc36f9ca2f49ef4cd268b5950ef1bbcf1f795cc00e94cdd119} in the placebo group. The trial failed to show significance. How many subjects would be required power detect the difference in proportions observed in the trial with 80{0e601fc7fe3603dc36f9ca2f49ef4cd268b5950ef1bbcf1f795cc00e94cdd119} power? A TWO- SIDED TEST is planned at a=0.05.
An investigator wants to estimate caffeine consumption in high school students, How many students would be required to ensure that a 95{0e601fc7fe3603dc36f9ca2f49ef4cd268b5950ef1bbcf1f795cc00e94cdd119} confidence interval estimate for the mean caffeine intake (measure in mg) is within 15 units of the true mean? Assume that the standard deviation in caffeine intake is 68 mg.

Why do some physicians advise patients with a bladder infection to drink a lot of cranberry juice?

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Public Health Biology
Question Detail:Public Health Biology

Question 1

Which of the following is true regarding endocrine glands?

Answer

As the body matures, endocrine glands develop from specialized exocrine glands.

Endocrine glands empty their products into a duct.

Examples of endocrine glands include sweat glands and salivary glands.

Endocrine glands are connective tissues that are specialized to produce and secrete a product.

Endocrine glands produce and secrete hormones.

Question 2

One of the most common ways to get information out to a wide audience in the least amount of time regarding “hot” topics in science is by using

Answer

peer reviewed journals

science magazines

the Discovery channel on television

general interest news magazines or newspapers

books

Question 3

Which of the following is not true regarding nucleotides?

Answer

An RNA nucleotide could be made up of ribose, a phosphate, and cytosine.

DNA nucleotides contain deoxyribose; RNA nucleotides contain sucrose.

There are four different DNA nucleotides.

RNA nucleotides are assembled into RNA by the process of dehydration synthesis.

Nucleotides are bonded together by covalent bonds between the sugars and the phosphates.

Question 4

Which enzyme is a potentially useful indicator of certain types of cancers?

Answer

antioxidants

trypsin

amylase

telomerase

DNAse I

Question 5

Which of the following is a true statement?

Answer

Molecules are considered to be the smallest unit capable of exhibiting all the characteristics of life.

Cells arise spontaneously from nonliving chemical elements.

All living things are made up of at least one cell.

Cells are incapable of maintaining homeostasis because they are too small.

Organisms composed of many cells are unicellular.

Question 6

Which of the following is not true regarding the regulation of blood flow?

Answer

Blood flow to localized areas is adjusted to meet the requirements of that particular tissue.

In order to maintain homeostasis, arterial blood pressure is allowed to fluctuate so that the oxygen/nutrient demands of various tissues are met.

A constant blood pressure in the arteries is maintained through the regulation of heart rate and force of contraction.

Regulating the diameter of systemic arterioles helps to maintain constant blood pressure.

Baroreceptors are important in the regulation of blood pressure.

Question 7

Most surveillance systems are passive and disease specific.

Answer

True

False

Question 8

Which of the following is not true regarding the immune response?

Answer

The immune response uses chemical and phagocytic cells to destroy foreign cells.

Once initiated, the immune response provides protection for the entire body.

The key to immune response is the ability of the components involved to be able to distinguish between the body cells and foreign cells.

The immune response involves the activities of proteins, cells, and the lymphatic system.

The immune response involves the ability to “remember” exposures to pathogens in order to increase the rate of response upon subsequent infections by that pathogen.

Question 9

The best definition of a poison is:

Answer

any chemical that is foreign to the body

any substance that can potentially produce toxicity

any substance that if present in the body in relatively small amounts that may produce serious injury

any poisonous substance produced by an organism

Question 10

About 55{0e601fc7fe3603dc36f9ca2f49ef4cd268b5950ef1bbcf1f795cc00e94cdd119} of whole blood is ____, which is mostly made up of water.

Answer

plasma

hemoglobin

white blood cells

clotting proteins

hematocrit

Question 11

Disulfide bonds are most characteristic of which of the following levels of protein structure?

Answer

primary

secondary

tertiary

quaternary

none of the above

Question 12

Skin becomes less flexible as individual ages because of a decrease in the number of protein fibers associated with the dermis.

Answer

True

False

Question 13

Red-green color blindness is an X-linked recessive disorder. Assume that mom is a carrier and dad is color blind. What is the chance that their son will inherit red-green color blindness?

Answer

0{0e601fc7fe3603dc36f9ca2f49ef4cd268b5950ef1bbcf1f795cc00e94cdd119}

25{0e601fc7fe3603dc36f9ca2f49ef4cd268b5950ef1bbcf1f795cc00e94cdd119}

50{0e601fc7fe3603dc36f9ca2f49ef4cd268b5950ef1bbcf1f795cc00e94cdd119}

75{0e601fc7fe3603dc36f9ca2f49ef4cd268b5950ef1bbcf1f795cc00e94cdd119}

100{0e601fc7fe3603dc36f9ca2f49ef4cd268b5950ef1bbcf1f795cc00e94cdd119}

Question 14

Human cells, with the exception of the gametes, reproduce by mitosis.

Answer

True

False

Question 15

A student noticed that every time he smelled a certain perfume in the hallway, it reminded him of his mother. This is due largely to the activity of the limbic system.

Answer

True

False

Question 16

Bulk movement of water across plasma membranes and the exchange of oxygen from blood into cells are similar in that the method of transport is by

Answer

facilitated transport.

active transport.

sodium-potassium pumps

Question 17

Excitatory neurotransmitters encourage the generation of new electrical impulses by

Answer

stimulating saltatory conduction.

stimulating depolarization of postsynaptic neurons.

inhibiting postsynaptic neurons from repolarizing.

inhibiting presynaptic neurons from depolarizing.

stimulating depolarization of presynaptic neuorons

Question 18

Which of the following is not true regarding pneumonia?

Answer

It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.

It ranks among the top 10 causes of death in North America.

It can be caused by a viral infection.

Symptoms result from inflammation of the lungs and secretion of excess fluid by the alveoli.

Question 19

Vasoconstriction causes an increase in the diameter of blood vessels, thus causing an increase in blood flow to the tissues.

Answer

True

False

Question 20

Dead and injured white blood cells are removed from circulation by the:

Answer

red bone marrow.

Question 21

Which of the following membranes lines the airways and digestive tract?

Answer

serous

cutaneous

membranous

synovial

mucous

Question 22

When the amount of thyroxine in the body increases, the basal metabolic rate of the body also increases.

Answer

True

False

Question 23

Which of the following would result in passive immunity?

Answer

vaccination

past occurrence of an infection or disease

production of memory cells

movement of antibodies across the placenta from mother to child

stimulation of T cells and B cells by an antigen

Question 24

Restriction enzymes are used in genetic engineering to cut DNA between specific base pairs in a DNA strand, resulting in DNA segments that are then used for further study and analysis.

Answer

True

False

Question 25

Which of the following is not considered a potential problem when using retroviruses as gene delivery vectors?

Answer

Retroviruses splice their own RNA-based genetic code permanently into the DNA of the cells they infect.

Retroviruses generally insert foreign DNA into a cell only when the cell is dividing.

Retroviruses insert their genetic material randomly in the genome.

Retroviruses must be rendered harmless before being used.

Question 26

Vasoconstriction and vasodilation of blood vessels are caused by a number of factors including:

Answer

emotions

closing/opening of precapillary sphincters

hormones

nervous stimulation

all of the above

Question 27

In some cases, why doesn’t the immune system recognize and destroy a cancer?

Answer

Cancer cells that produce abnormal antigens sometimes shed them.

Cancer cells have less surface receptors needed for proper activation of T cells.

Cancer cells have enough “self” surface markers as to be identified as normal cells.

Cancer cells develop from normal cells that cannot regulate cell division.

all of the above

Question 28

Which term describes an active, orderly process for eliminating genetically damaged or dead cells without inflammatory reactions?

Answer

Necrosis

Apoptosis

Mitosis

Fibrosis

Question 29

When a blood pressure is taken by a medical professional, the pressure in the main veins is recorded.

Answer

True

False

Question 30

Peer review is essential to the scientific process because

Answer

It ensures that the findings from experimentation are scrutinized for accuracy

it is the primary means for informing other scientists of new information in the field

the process can lead to improvements in articles prior to being published

the process immediately validates any hypothesis tested in the experiments

both A and C

Question 31

Which of the following is an oligosaccharide?

Answer

glucose

DNA

maltose

starch

ribose

Question 32

Which of the following is not true regarding arrhythmias?

Answer

One type, known as ventricular fibrillation, is the leading cause of cardiac death in people who are otherwise in good health.

An artificial pacemaker can sometimes be used to correct this condition.

All forms of arrhythmias are considered serious medical conditions.

Arrhythmias can occur when heart muscle becomes damaged.

An ECG can be used to diagnose this condition.

Question 33

Hemolytic disease of the newborn could result from which of the following situations?

Answer

mom is Rh+; fetus is Rh-

mom is Rh-; fetus is Rh+

mom is Rh+; fetus is Rh+

mom is Rh-; fetus is Rh-

either C or D

Question 34

Cyanide is the most acutely toxic substance known.

Answer

True

False

Question 35

The first successful treatment of a human genetic disorder through gene therapy was with a disorder known as:

Answer

severe combined immunodeficiency disease.

diabetes mellitus.

human dwarfism.

acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

Question 36

Which of the following best explains how water moves freely across a plasma membrane?

Answer

Because of the charges on phospholipids, water moves directly through the phosopholipid bilayer.

Water is brought into the cell by endocytosis and released by exocytosis.

Because water is so important to a cell, it is actively transported across the membrane.

Water moves through protein-lined channels in the plasma membrane.

The passage of water across a plasma membrane requires facilitated transport.

Question 37

Muscle cells store energy in the form of ________ until it is used for the production of ATP.

Answer

glucose

starch

glycogen

fat

sucrose

Question 38

The more buffers present in a body fluid, the less stable the pH will be.

Answer

True

False

Question 39

Which of the following is not true of influenza viruses?

Answer

All strains of influenza virus are highly pathogenic.

The influenza virus genome contains RNA rather than DNA.

Nutritional factors affect the ability of the influenza virus to cause infection.

The relationship between virus and host depends partially on haemaglutinin present on the viral surface.

Question 40

Which of the following diseases is caused by a virus?

Answer

rabies

Lyme disease

syphilis

toxic shock syndrome

tuberculosis

Question 41

Why do some physicians advise patients with a bladder infection to drink a lot of cranberry juice?

Answer

Cranberry juice contains chemicals that kill viruses and bacteria.

The increased volume of fluid in the bladder causes bacterial cells to burst as they absorb the excess fluid.

Cranberry juice makes the urine more acidic, decreasing the rate at which microorganisms can grow and reproduce.

Cranberry juice increases the efficiency of urine production by the kidneys.

all of the above

Question 42

Pharmaceutical companies prefer to genetically engineer large animals with human genes because it may be possible to obtain large amounts of the resulting protein from the animals’:

Answer

Question 43

Not only does science involve gaining knowledge about the natural world, it also involves the process of obtaining that knowledge.

Answer

True

False

Question 44

Translocation occurs when a piece of chromosome breaks off and is lost.

Answer

True

False

Question 45

Which of the following best describes an angiogram?

Answer

an x-ray picture of blood vessels

a recording of heart sounds

use of a balloon to widen an artery

a sensation of pain in the chest associated with poor blood circulation to the heart

a recording of the electrical activity of the heart

Question 46

Which of the following body fluids is not known to transmit HIV from human to human?

Answer

blood

semen

saliva

vaginal fluid

breast milk

Question 47

An increased risk for cardiovascular health problems is associated with:

Answer

an elevated level of hemoglobin.

high blood levels of HDLs.

decreased production of albumins.

high blood levels of LDLs.

low blood levels of LDLs.

Question 48

The process by which the blastocyst becomes buried within the endometrial lining of the uterus is:

Answer

differentiation

embryonic development.

Question 49

Which of the following is true regarding lung cancer?

Answer

Symptoms include chest pain, chronic cough, and wheezing.

Lung cancer may be treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation.

This type of cancer typically takes many years to develop.

Problems associated with lung cancer include inadequate exchange of gases in the alveoli and impairment of blood flow in the pulmonary blood vessels.

all of the above

Question 50

State-level data on seasonal influenza are general, qualitative reports from state and territorial epidemiologists, summar

How are these initiatives individually and collectively addressing the emerging priorities from a health care and public health standpoint?

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In 21st Century health care, the work of a Health Educator is in high demand. We are not only responsible for identifying priority populations and creating opportunities for health promotion and disease prevention, but we are also charged with designing, implementing, and managing programs to address emerging health issues. There are three emerging priorities, in particular, that are of significant importance: worksite wellness, health disparities, and environmental health. Review each of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s initiatives below and answer the following questions in a comprehensive manner:

1. How are these initiatives individually and collectively addressing the emerging priorities from a health care and public health standpoint?

2. How were the initiatives designed to meet the needs of the priority population?

3. What strategies and methods worked best for each priority population?

4. What successes have they experienced in designing and developing each program?

5. What is the role of the Health Educator in implementing and managing such initiatives? What challenges do you foresee in implementing and managing these initiatives?

6. What overall impact do you think these initiatives will have on the health and safety of our communities?

The National Health Expenditure Accounts (NHEA)

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The National Health Expenditure Accounts (NHEA) estimates health care spending over time, including everything from health care goods and services to public health activities, government administration to health care investment. For this assignment, we will focus on health spending by major sources of funds. Please see below for a summary:

Medicare: Medicare spending, which represented 20 percent of national health spending in 2012, grew 4.8 percent to $572.5 billion, a slight slowdown from growth of 5.0 percent in 2011. A one-time payment reduction to skilled nursing facilities in 2012, after a large increase in payments in 2011 due to implementation of a new payment system contributed to the slower growth.

Medicaid: Total Medicaid spending grew 3.3 percent in 2012 to $421.2 billion, an acceleration from 2.4-percent growth in 2011. The relatively low annual rates of growth in Medicaid spending in 2011 and 2012 can be explained in part by slower enrollment growth tied to improved economic conditions and efforts by states to control health care costs. Federal Medicaid expenditures decreased 4.2 percent in 2012, while state and local Medicaid expenditures grew 15.0 percent—a result of the expiration of enhanced federal aid to states in the middle of 2011.

Private Health Insurance: Overall, premiums reached $917.0 billion in 2012, and increased 3.2 percent, near the 3.4 percent growth in 2011. The net cost ratio for private health insurance —the difference between premiums and benefits as a share of premiums —was 12.0 percent in 2012 compared with 12.4 percent in 2011. Private health insurance enrollment increased 0.4 percent to 188.0 million in 2012, but still 9.4 million lower than in 2007.

Out-of-Pocket: Out-of-pocket spending grew 3.8 percent in 2012 to $328.2 billion, an acceleration from growth of 3.5 percent in 2011, reflecting higher cost-sharing and increased enrollment in consumer-directed health plans.

Source: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2014). National Health Expenditure Data Highlights. Retrieved from https://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Statistics-Trends-and-Reports/NationalHealthExpendData/Downloads/highlights.pdf

Download the National Health Expenditures [NHE] by type of service and source of funds,NHE2012.zip file. Summarize in a table the total NHE (in millions) for the following years: 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010. Present the data visually by creating a line graph or a bar diagram depicting changes in values.

Comment on the changes in the categories of expenditure sources, i.e., out-of-pocket, health insurance, third party payers, etc. with respect toboth year-to-year changes and across the entire period.

Include specific interpretations of why such changes are apparent [social, political, economic, etc. factors] and what strategies may be necessary to curb healthcare expenditure in the coming years.;

Support your responses with examples.

Cite any sources in APA fornate