How do body reflexes like coughing and sneezing help prevent or fight infection?

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Respiratory System Lab – Week Six

Introduction

The respiratory system consists of the upper respiratory tract (the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi) and the lower respiratory tract (the lungs). As you learn about the various diseases that affect the respiratory system, it is important for you to understand the structures that can be affected by disease. Complete this lab to become familiar with a healthy system and to identify diseases related to both the upper and lower respiratory tracts.

PART ONE: basic functions

Provide brief answers to the following questions to help you get acquainted with the basic functions of a healthy respiratory system. Refer to Ch. 21 in Microbiology: Principles and Explorations.

 

1.     How do body reflexes like coughing and sneezing help prevent or fight infection?

2.     What role do cilia play in maintaining a healthy respiratory system?

3.     Compare normal microflora of the upper respiratory tract with normal microflora of the lower respiratory tract.

PART two: basic structures

Visit Chapter 21 of Microbiology: Principles and Explorations in WileyPlusto view an in-depth presentation of a healthy respiratory system by completing the following steps:

 

·      Select the Chapter 21 WileyPlus reading link located on your student Web page.

·      Locate the heading Chapter Review.

·      Select the Anatomy Overview: The Respiratory System link.

·      Complete this lab as you explore the Respiratory System multimedia piece.

 

Overview

 

Roll over each component of the Conducting and Respiratory portions of the Respiratory System multimedia piece. Take note of how the preserved trachea and lung photograph on the left compares to the illustrated diagram on the right.

 

Upper Respiratory System (Conducting Portion: Nasal Cavity)

 

Roll over and click either the nasal cavity or pharynx components of the Conductingportion of the Respiratory Systemmultimedia piece to navigate to the Nasal Cavity. Refer to Nasal Cavitycomponent of the multimedia piece and Ch. 21, Figure 21.8 in Microbiology: Principles and Explorations to label the structures in the following diagram of a healthy upper respiratory system.

 

 

 

Lower Respiratory System (Respiratory Portion: Lungs)

 

Click the icon in the upper left corner of the Nasal Cavity diagram to return to the main menu in the Respiratory Systemmultimedia piece. Click the lungs component of the Respiratory Portionto navigate to the Lungdiagram. Refer to Lungdiagram of the multimedia piece and Ch. 21, Figure 21.1 in Microbiology: Principles and Explorations to label the structures in the following diagrams of a healthy lower respiratory system. Please note: The first diagram that follows is found only in Ch. 21, Figure 21.1, and not in the Lung component of the multimedia piece.

 

PART three: investigate and apply

Visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Access the Public Diseases & Conditions A-Z Index at http://www.cdc.gov/DiseasesConditions/ Scroll down to the section titled Top Requested Diseases & Conditions. Review the list of diseases about that the general public is most frequently requesting information about. You will notice some familiar diseases from your assigned readings. Click on at least one microbe-related respiratory system disease and complete the following activity.

 

Read the information on the CDC site and provide a brief, 1-2 paragraph summary of the respiratory illness. Include in your description:

 

·         The respiratory illness

·         The microbe causing the illness

·         Which structures of the respiratory system are affected—Use one or more structures included in Part Two.

·         Who is at risk

·         How serious the disease is

 

[Type your paragraph in the space below]

 

 

 

 

©2008 University of Phoenix. All rights reserved.

 

 

 

 

SCI250 Week 6 Chapter 21 Respiratory System Quiz –   4 pts each.  Please underline, highlight, and or check the most appropriate answer.

Section: Matching

 

1.     Catarrhal stage with fever, sneezing, vomiting, and mild cough; paroxysmal stage with ropy mucus and violent cough; convalescent stage with mild cough

  • Whooping cough
  • Classic pneumonia
  • Legionnaires’ disease
  • Tuberculosis
  • Influenza
  • Respirator syncytial virus infection
  • Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
  • Acute respiratory disease
  • Histoplasmosis
  • Cryptococcosis
  • Aspergillosis

2.     Inflammation of bronchi or alveoli of lungs with fluid accumulation and fever

  • Whooping cough
  • Classic pneumonia
  • Legionnaires’ disease
  • Tuberculosis
  • Influenza
  • Respiratory syncytial virus infection
  • Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
  • Acute respiratory disease
  • Histoplasmosis
  • Cryptococcosis
  • Aspergillosis

3.     Tubercles in lungs and sometimes in other tissues; organisms can persist in walled-off lesions and be reactivated

  • Whooping cough
  • Classic pneumonia
  • Legionnaires’ disease
  • Tuberculosis
  • Influenza
  • Respiratory syncytial virus infection
  • Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
  • Acute respiratory disease
  • Cryptococcosis
  • Aspergillosis

4.     Febrile disease of the respiratory tract; can cause viral pneumonia

  • Whooping cough
  • Classic pneumonia
  • Legionnaires’ disease
  • Tuberculosis
  • Influenza
  • Respiratory syncytial virus infection
  • Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
  • Acute respiratory disease
  • Histoplasmosis
  • Cryptococcosis
  • Aspergillosis

5.     Allergic asthmatic response to inhalation of spores or invasive infection of lung; fungal balls can cause asphyxiation

  • Whooping cough
  • Classic pneumonia
  • Legionnaires’ disease
  • Tuberculosis
  • Influenza
  • Respiratory syncytial virus infection
  • Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
  • Acute respiratory disease
  • Histoplasmosis
  • Cryptococcosis
  • Aspergillosis

Section: Multiple Choice

 

6.     Which of the following is NOT a nonspecific defense mechanism associated with the respiratory tract?

  • Epiglottis
  • Mucus
  • Mucociliary escalator
  • Phagocytes
  • None of the above

7.     To cause disease, Corynebacterium diptheriae must ________

  • produce a hemolysin.
  • create a pseudomembrance.
  • be infected with a lysogenic, toxin-producing bacteriophage.
  • invade the bloodstream.
  • become club-shaped.

8.     The majority of patients with sore throats have a viral infection of the pharynx.

  • True
  • False

9.     Which of the following respiratory infections CANNOT be treated with antimicrobial drugs?

  • Atypical pneumonia
  • Q Fever
  • Otitis media
  • Common cold
  • Tuberculosis

10.  Development of a vaccine against rhinoviruses is difficult because ________

  • they are resistant to antibiotics.
  • they are resistant to low pH.
  • there are many different, antigenically diverse strains.
  • rhinoviruses are resistant to immune system defenses.
  • rhinoviruses replicate at a very high rate.

11.  Which of the following is true of croup?

  • Croup causes severe obstruction of the larynx.
  • Croup causes an inflamed and enlarged epiglottis.
  • Croup is a parainfluenza virus.
  • Croup is a childhood disease.
  • All of the above

12.  Violent coughing is usually observed during which stage of whooping cough?

  • Primary stage
  • Pneumotic stage
  • Paroxysmal stage
  • Catarrhal stage
  • Convalescence stage

13.  Cyanosis is caused when ________

  • there is too little oxygen in the blood.
  • a patient has become septicemic.
  • dehydration occurs.
  • diptheria toxin enters the bloodstream.
  • coughing causes hemorrhaging.

14.  Penicillins have no effect on Mycoplasma pneumoniae because ________

  • mycoplasmas are viruses.
  • mycoplasmas possess beta lactamases.
  • mycoplasmas are too small.
  • mycoplasmas are eukaryotes.
  • mycoplasmas lack cell walls.

15.  Legionella pneumophila is usually transmitted by ________

  • direct contact.
  • fomites.
  • food.
  • blood.
  • aerosols.

16.  How many cases of tuberculosis are reported globally each year?

  • 10
  • 10,000
  • 100,000
  • 3 million
  • 10 million

17.  Mycobacteria are difficult to Gram stain, and are termed “acid-fast” due to their ________

  • ability to survive in acidic conditions.
  • resistance to drying.
  • thick, waxy cell walls.
  • resistance to sunlight.
  • lack of a peptidoglycan layer.

.

18.  What is the DPT immunization for?

  • Diptheria, parainfluenza, tetanus
  • Dermatomycoses, Pontiac fever, tuberculosis
  • Diptheria, pertussis, tetanus
  • Dermatomycoses, pertussis, tetanus
  • Diptheria, pneumonia, tetanus

19.  Antigenic shifts in influenza viruses are represented by dramatic changes in the viral antigens. It is likely they arise from rare events in which ________

  • two different influenza viruses infect a cell at the same time.
  • lysogenic conversion of two separate viruses occurs.
  • two viruses conjugate.
  • mutations accumulate.
  • All of the above

20.  Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is ________

  • associated with inhalation of dried feces and urine of carrier rodents.
  • a syndrome that has only been reported in Africa and Latin America.
  • transmitted by the bite of a rodent carrying the virus.
  • attributed to rats but not mice.
  • preventable by vaccination.

Section: Matching

 

21.  Infects the pharynx and produces a systemic toxin

  • Corynebacterium diphtheriae
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  • Histoplasma capsulatum
  • Cryptococcus neoformans

22.  Causes the majority of cases of lobar pneumonia

  • Corynebacterium diphtheriae
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  • Histoplasma capsulatum
  • Cryptococcus neoformans

23.  Causes primary atypical pneumonia

  • Corynebacterium diphtheriae
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  • Histoplasma capsulatum
  • Cryptococcus neoformans

24.  Fungus present in chicken-impacted soil and bat guano

  • Corynebacterium diphtheriae
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  • Histoplasma capsulatum
  • Cryptococcus neoformans

25.  Yeast that causes a mild respiratory infection that can spread to meninges

  • Corynebacterium diphtheriae
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  • Histoplasma capsulatum
  • Cryptococcus neoformans

Analyze one vertically integrated health system in your area and share details about its size, settings/locations, and the services it provides.

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Vertical and Horizontal Integration of Health Systems in Various Regions

Post your responses to the Discussion based on the course requirements.
Your Discussion postings should be written in standard edited English and follow APA guidelines as closely as possible given the constraints of the online platform. Be sure to support your work with specific citations from this week’s Learning Resources and additional scholarly sources as appropriate. Initial postings must be 250–350 words (not including references).

A 58-year-old man needs to have his blood tested on a regular basis so his physician can monitor the effects of the anticoagulant (blood thinner) medication he is currently taking. He usually has his blood drawn at his local lab in San Francisco, California. While traveling on business in Portland, Oregon, he is able to have his blood drawn on the specified day at another Labcorp location. Labcorp operates an extensive network of 1,700 laboratories across the United States, so lab results can be communicated to the patient’s physician from any location.

Geisinger Health System serves an area with 2.6 million people in northeastern and central Pennsylvania. As an integrated health system, it provides coordinated care to meet the wide-ranging needs of patients. The advanced use of information technology has been critical for facilitating communication, reducing duplication of services, and improving the patient experience along the care continuum. Consisting of numerous clinical facilities and a health insurance company, Geisinger Health System offers an innovative approach to care delivery that it hopes will become a national model.

Integration is an organizing principle for care delivery intended to promote better health outcomes and greater clinical and financial accountability. Labcorp’s horizontal integration is a growth strategy that reduces competition from other companies. Geisinger’s vertical integration is a diversification strategy that links a continuum of services to increase the comprehensiveness of care.

In Module 3, you examined the varied services a patient may need and researched health care organizations that provide those services in your geographic area. In this Discussion, you will examine how integration affects the delivery of care in your community.

To prepare for this Discussion, review the information related to horizontal and vertical integration in the Learning Resources, including the information in the Shi and Singh (2015) textbook and the journal articles.

Next, research integrated health systems in your geographic area. If you find that one or more of the settings you identified for your Module 3 Assignment are part of an integrated system, you may further research the setting(s) for this Discussion.

Select one vertically integrated health system and one horizontally integrated health system in your geographic area on which to focus for this Discussion.

Continue researching these two health systems, noting important information about each health system, including its size, settings/locations, and the services it provides. Investigate how the integration of each system has affected, or is expected to affect, issues related to cost, quality, and access to health care services in your area. Consider implications of integration for the management of the organization, as well as the patient/consumer experience.

If you are an international student, you may examine a specific geographic area in the United States or research two integrated health systems identified in the Learning Resources that are not the same ones you address in your Assignment.

Note: In the Assignment for this module, you are required to select and analyze one vertically integrated health system and one horizontally integrated health system from a provided list. Do not select the same health systems for this Discussion.

In 250-300 words, post a substantive and cohesive response to the following:

·         Analyze one vertically integrated health system in your area and share details about its size, settings/locations, and the services it provides.

·         Analyze one horizontally integrated health system in your area and share details about its size, settings/locations, and the services it provides.

·         Assess the impact of integration on issues related to cost and access to care, including implications for the management of the organization and the patient/consumer experience.

Reminder: Use and cite sources to support your posting and responses in the Discussion.

 

Readings

·         Shi, L., & Singh, D. (2015). Delivering health care in America: A systems approach (6th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett.

o    Chapter 9, “Managed Care and Integrated Organizations” (pp. 361–368)

·         Cohen, A., Klein, S., & McCarthy, D. (2014). Hill Physicians Medical Group: A market-driven approach to accountable care for commercially insured patients. Retrieved fromhttp://www.commonwealthfund.org/~/media/files/publications/case-study/2014/oct/1770_cohen_hill_physicians_aco_case_study.pdf

·         Cutler, D. M., & Morton, F. S. (2013). Special communication: Hospitals, market share, and consolidation. JAMA, 310(18), 1964–1970.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

·         Sanford, K. D. (2013). Integration requires new roles and responsibilities. Healthcare Financial Management, 67(3), 56–60.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

·         Summer, L. (2014). Research insights: Integration, concentration, and competition in the provider marketplace. Retrieved fromhttp://www.academyhealth.org/files/publications/AH_R_Integration%20FINAL2.pdf

 

Use the following resources to select integrated health systems on which to focus for your Assignment. You may also use this list to develop background information as you research health systems in your area for the Discussion.

·         Rodak, S. (2013). 100 integrated health systems to know. Retrieved fromhttp://www.beckershospitalreview.com/lists/100-integrated-health-systems-to-know.html

Vertically Integrated Health Systems

·         Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.). Retrieved March 27, 2015, from http://my.clevelandclinic.org

·         Kaiser Permanente. (n.d.). Retrieved March 27, 2015, from http://kp.kaiserpermanente.org/

·         Mayo Clinic. (n.d.). Retrieved March 27, 2015, from http://www.mayoclinic.org

·         MedStar Health. (n.d.). Retrieved March 27, 2015, from https://www.medstarhealth.org/

·         Memorial Hermann Healthcare System Houston. (n.d.). Retrieved March 27, 2015, fromhttp://www.memorialhermann.org

Horizontally Integrated Health Systems

·         Apria. (n.d). Retrieved March 27, 2015, from www.apria.com

·         DaVita. (n.d). Retrieved March 27, 2015, from www.davita.com

·         Labcorp. (2014). Retrieved March 27, 2015, from https://www.labcorp.com/

·         Quest Diagnostics. (n.d.). Retrieved March 27, 2015, from http://www.questdiagnostics.com/

·         Sunrise Senior Living. (n.d.). Retrieved March 27, 2015, from http://www.sunriseseniorliving.com/

   Identify alterations associated with your selected disorder. Consider the pathophysiology of the alterations. Think about how these alterations produce pathophysiological changes in at least two body systems.

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The Pathophysiology of Disorders

During the last 5 weeks, you have explored various body systems: neurological, cardiovascular, respiratory, and hematological. These four systems work together along with other body systems to complete a myriad of functions. For this reason, when disorders occur within one body system, it can create potentially devastating effects throughout the entire body. For instance, Parkinson’s disease is a disorder of the central nervous system, yet its alterations actually affect multiple body systems from the cardiovascular system to the gastrointestinal system. In this Assignment, you examine alterations associated with disorders, as well as the impact of the alterations on multiple body systems.

To prepare:

·        From the list below, select a disorder of interest to you:

o   Alzheimer’s disease

o   Asthma in children

o   Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

o   Congestive heart failure

o   Hepatic disease (liver disease)

o   Hypertension

o   Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism

o   Seizures

o   Sepsis

·        Identify alterations associated with your selected disorder. Consider the pathophysiology of the alterations. Think about how these alterations produce pathophysiological changes in at least two body systems.

·        Reflect on how patient factors such as genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, and behavior might impact the pathophysiology of the alterations you identified, as well as the diagnosis and treatment of your selected disorder.

·        Review the “Mind maps—Dementia, Endocarditis, and Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)” media in the Week 2 Learning Resources. Use the examples in the media as a guide to construct a mind map for the disorder you selected. Consider the epidemiology and clinical presentation of your selected disorder.

To complete:

Develop a 5- to 10-slide PowerPoint presentation that addresses the following:

·        Describe your selected disorder, as well as associated alterations. Explain the pathophysiology of the alterations, including changes that occur in at least two body systems.

·        Explain how (ALL 5 factors)genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, and behavior might impact the pathophysiology of the alterations you identified, as well as diagnosis and treatment of your selected disorder.

·        Construct a mind map for the disorder you selected. Include the epidemiology, pathophysiology of alterations, risk factors, and clinical presentation, as well as the diagnosis and treatment of the disorder.

 

 

Pick  and describe, using course material (citing as appropriate), five (5) characteristics of our agricultural and food industries and the threat agents which could impact them and how do these characteristics increase our risk?

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Read the questions carefully and give a complete answer. You must use references for all material used from other sources. Your answer should adhere to APA parenthetical citing style and should have a reference section. Grammar and spelling count so take the time to proof-read each answer carefully. I strongly recommend that you write out your answers first, preferably in Word so that you may use its Spelling and Grammar tool. Once you are satisfied with your answer, then simply cut and paste them into the exam.

(1) Question: Pick  and describe, using course material (citing as appropriate), five (5) characteristics of our agricultural and food industries and the threat agents which could impact them and how do these characteristics increase our risk?

The expectation is that you answer this essay question with three or more paragraphs. You will need an intro paragraph, body, and conclusion paragraph.  Each paragraph must be a minimum of 4 – 6 sentences. Cite and reference your sources according to APA guidelines.

(2) Question: What radioactive material killed Alexander Litvinenko in London in November 2006?  How has the investigation developed between 2007 and 2016?  Do the British authorities have a theory who ordered Litvinenko killed?

The expectation is that you answer this essay question with three or more paragraphs. You will need an intro paragraph, body, and conclusion paragraph.  Each paragraph must be a minimum of 4 – 6 sentences. Cite and reference your sources according to APA guidelines.

(3) Question: In April 2010, President Obama said, “The single biggest threat to US security, both short-term, medium-term and long-term, would be the possibility of a terrorist organization obtaining a nuclear weapon.”  How does this statement impact current U.S. National Security Policy?  If you were President, what changes would you make to U.S. National Security Policy to reduce the likelihood of a terrorist organization obtaining a nuclear weapon?

The expectation is that you answer this essay question with three or more paragraphs. You will need an intro paragraph, body, and conclusion paragraph.  Each paragraph must be a minimum of 4 – 6 sentences. Cite and reference your sources according to APA guidelines.

(4)

Question: The video “Iran Nuclear Deal: Triumph of Diplomacy or Dangerous Precedent?” provides several different perspectives on the Iranian Nuclear Deal.  Detail one perspective from each side of the argument (Triumph of Diplomacy and Dangerous Precedent) then support it with applicable references explaining the rationale for each side of the debate.

The expectation is that you answer this essay question with three or more paragraphs. You will need an intro paragraph, body, and conclusion paragraph.  Each paragraph must be a minimum of 4 – 6 sentences. Cite and reference your sources according to APA guidelines.