What is the difference between short-term memory and working memory?

/in /by

Expected word-count for substantive responses for numbers 1-9 is between 50-100 words. Provide references.:

 

1 Everyone deals with little short term memory. Learning to recognize a stimulus involves synaptic changes in the appropriate regions of the sensory association cortex that establish new circuit of neurons ( Carlson, 2013). When considering learning new things for example: it’s raining today and my car is outside Now, I’m going in the house it’s still raining in my car is still outside plays a part in recognizing and remembering. The ventral system makes that work which is associated with the cortex.

Carlson, N. (2013). Physiology of Behavior (11 ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.

2 What is the difference between short-term memory and working memory? Which one is responsible for my forgetting where I park when I go to a shopping mall?

3 short-term memory that keep information we are using available until we no longer need it. Since I need to know where my car is parked a few hours after I parked it somewhere, this information needs to be transferred to short-term memory. What disorders are associated with memory impairment?

4 Retrograde amnesia is the opposite of anterograde amnesia. In retrograde amnesia an individual can’t remember events from their past that happened before their head injury or the development of a degenerative brain disease. The definition of retrograde amnesia is “amnesia for events that preceded some disturbance to the brain, such as a head injury or electroconvulsive shock” (Carlson, 2013, p. 459). Alzheimer’s disease is an example of a disease that causes retrograde amnesia.

Reference: Carlson, N. R. (2013). Physiology of behavior. (11th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

5 With Retrograde the memories lost from the recent memories starts to take place. I would think that older memories would actually be lost first. There’s also Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a poorly understood condition. If you develop it, you will experience confusion or agitation that comes and goes repeatedly over the course of several hours. You may experience memory loss in the hours before the attack, and you will probably have no lasting memory of the experience. Lastly, most people can’t remember the first three to five years of life. This common phenomenon is called infantile or childhood amnesia (“Amnesia”, 2005-2018).

Amnesia(2005-2018). Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/amnesia#prevention

6 Anterograde amnesia is defined as “amnesia for events that occur after some disturbance to the brain, such as a head injury or certain degenerative brain diseases” (Carlson, 2013, p. 459). The interesting thing about this amnesia though is that the individual can remember all the events that happened in their life before the event or disease that caused the pure anterograde amnesia, but they can’t make new memories. The movie 50 First Dates was a light hearted attempt at covering this type of amnesia.

Reference: Carlson, N. R. (2013). Physiology of behavior. (11th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

7 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is defined as a “psychological disorder caused by exposure to a situation of extreme danger and stress” (Carlson, 2013, p. 607). Individuals that suffer from PTSD have reoccurring flashbacks and/or dreams of the traumatic situation they encountered that feel like they are experiencing the traumatic event all over again. Individuals suffering from PTSD may find it hard to participate in social situations and encounter feelings of hopelessness; these individuals have poor mental health and usually poor physical health (Carlson, 2013). Men generally encounter more traumatic situations, but women are more likely to develop PTSD from experiencing a traumatic event (Carlson, 2013).

Reference: Carlson, N. R. (2013). Physiology of behavior. (11th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

8 Anxiety disorders are characterized by unrealistic, unfounded fear and anxiety ( In addition, anxiety disorders contribute to the occurrence of depressive and substance abuse disorders (Tye et al., 2011).Panic disorder causes episodic attacks of acute anxiety from a few seconds to a few hours. Generalized anxiety is excessive anxiety with difficult in controlling systems as distress and disruption happens in their life. Lastly, Social anxiety disorder is persistent with excessive fear being exposed to other people that lead to trying to avoid certain situations(Carlson,2013).

Reference: Carlson, N. R. (2013). Physiology of behavior. (11th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

9 Anxiety is a growing concerns for the college students I work with in psychotherapy. It seems like most people with anxiety have difficulty modulating symptoms without intervention as anxiety is one of the worst human emotions to feel. That brings us to the questions: Is anxiety an emotion? Thoughts? What research do we have about the brain to support that it is an emotion verses a fight/flight reaction triggered by sympathetic nervous system?

What or how do particular cultural/social views/biases impact the perception of validity and “correctness” of various social/cultural intelligences?

/in /by

Syntheses are concise, double-spaced, APA or MLA formatted, 2 page papers to be turned in every 2-3 weeks. They are critical essays, not “reflection papers,” in which you provide thoughtful considerations of our course readings, films, discussions, and guest speakers.

Please pick one prompt. Your synthesis 1 is due September 11th at 8am. As a point of clarity, the synthesis paper is meant to “synthesize” your knowledge with the various articles and presentations in the class. For the purposes of this synthesis paper you will need to base your paper on the articles/presentations. This means it may be easier to write a successful paper by using at least 2 direct quotes from the class/articles within the paper. Please refer to the syllabus to additional guidelines regarding the format of the synthesis paper

1) What or how do particular cultural/social views/biases impact the perception of validity and “correctness” of various social/cultural intelligences? An example would be Dr. Anthony-Stevens cultural views that emphasize  “correct posture” or respect through language that correlate with her cultures values on the individuals difference to power structures.

or

2) Using at least 2 examples (as defined in the text book) of either 1} enculturation, 2}Norms, 3} Values, 4}Symbols, 5}Mental Map of Reality, 6}Cultural Relativism 7}Unilinear Cultural evolution 8} Historical Particularism 9} Power 10} Hegemony or 11}Agency , how does your culture allow you to view….Colin Kaepernick, Brett Kavanaugh or Donald Trump.

or

3) Take 2 quotes from the class/articles that you find of particular importance. How do these ideas impact your perception of anthropology.

Gay, lesbian, bisexuality, pansexuality or asexuality

/in /by

MEDIA FILE:

An important part of any sociology class is examining real world events and connecting it with an understanding of class material. To this end, each student will be expected to develop and submit a media file for this course. Note that even though you are asked to write about 7 items, as described below, you should include these items together into one document. Please DO NOT submit separate files for grading. Submit the paper in the “Assignments” section of the classroom. The due date is 11:55 pm on Sunday at the end of week #7.

 

For this assignment, students will be expected to find and discuss online news articles published within the last 3 months on any 7 of the following topics:

1.     Any research dealing with some aspect of the family covered in class this term

2.     Interracial relationships

3.     Gay, lesbian, bisexuality, pansexuality or asexuality

4.    Transgender identity

5.     Family violence

6.     Adoption (any aspect)

7.     Extra-marital sexuality

8.     Births outside of marriage

9.     Marriage trends/statistics

10.     Blended families

11.   Childfree couples (childfree differs from childless – you may address childfree family life, policy, or workplace issues)

12.   Caregiving for family members

13.   Disciplining children

14.   HIV/AIDS

15.   Grandparenting

16.   Childcare

17.  Families in later life

 

Do not choose more than 7 topics. Additional topics will not be graded.

 

These articles may be from any online news source. Please keep in mind that they must be news articles, not commentaries, editorials, letters to the editor, book reviews, opinion pieces, etc.

 

Provide the URL for each article you choose and clearly identify each topic you are addressing. Be certain that you note the source of each article including the APA-formatted citation for each article.

 

For each item, write a brief essay (approximately 400 words) in which you do the following:

1.     Write a brief summary of the article. This should only be a short paragraph in length. The point is not to repeat everything the article says but to pick out important points and those that relate to information covered in class material.

2.     Compare the information in your article with information on that subject covered in your readings (include page numbers when appropriate). For example, does the information in the article contradict or agree with information presented in your readings? How? Why? This is your chance to demonstrate that you know the information on this topic presented in your course material.

3.     Discuss which theoretical perspective from the readings on the family is represented/applied in the article. Analyze the topic using the related theory. (This is your opportunity to demonstrate that you understand and can apply the theoretical perspectives in your text.)

4.     Conclude with your own thoughts on the news article. Include such thoughts as why this particular topic interested you, if you were surprised by the news, and how you think this issue should be handled by society and why. The point of this part of your essay is to demonstrate that you have reflected on this issue at some length.

Note: This course has “Resubmission” status enabled to help you if you realize you submitted an incorrect or blank file, or if you need to submit multiple documents as part of your Assignment.  Resubmission of an Assignment after it is graded, to attempt a better grade, is not permitted.

DISCLAIMER: “Originality of attachments will be verified by Turnitin. Both you and your instructor will receive the results.”

How Nature and Nurture Affect Language Development

/in /by

How Nature and Nurture Affect Language Development

I. Introduction 

A. Thesis: Nature is a precursor to language development that needs the compliments of nurture for a child to be well versed with its first language

II. What is the importance of nurture in language development?

A. With respect to language development, there have been many schools of thought regarding the importance of nurture or on the flip side, its irrelevance. The importance of nurture, however, is undeniable.

B. One evidence of the importance of nurture is that children will speak the language that is at their predisposition; an American born child will both speak and be fluent in English or Mandarin depending on whether it will grow in New York or Beijing.

III. How do words and sentence develop in young children?

A. Speech and language in young children advance as they grow and the best way to improve their language skills is to by talking to them.

B. The first way children learn to speak is by listening to their parents at home. The rest they learn it from teachers and then friends.

IV. What do behaviorists say about nurture’s role in language development?

A. With respect to language acquisition in children and nurture, behaviorists posit that the environment within which a child grows is the most relevant factor in the acquisition of its first language.

B. What’s more, it has been noted that if a child is predisposed to rich language then good habit formation will take place and proper development of language will occur. The role of nurture is very important where parents and guardians play the role of a support system to better the language development of a child (Friedmann & Rusou, 2015).

C. Examples of duties that parents and guardians (teachers included) need to play is giving children attention, asking them questions, using labels and help them with naming, and generally socially interacting with children (Berk, L. (2017).

V. Major milestones in child’s development

A. Child’s development milestone is behavioral or physical signs of growth of young children. Development milestones such as rolling over, crawling, walking and talking help to provide vital information regarding a child’s early development.

B. Milestones for each age range are different. They are the behaviors that emerge with time enhancing growth and continued learning. They include Cognition, motor coordination, social interaction and adaptive (Weisz, Jensen & McLeod, 2005).

VI. Sound and meaning in language development

A. The sounds of words represent purpose and vary accordingly across languages. However, some association between sound and meaning are pervasive.

B. In phonological development, speech sounds are formed and used to communicate language. When more sounds of language are acquired language becomes more precise with fluent pronunciation and improved intonation.

VII. Functional Brain imaging studies of speech in Language development

A. Speech processing relies on accurate and specialized networks, especially in adults. The significance amount of language learning takes place first year of life in the domains of word segmentation.

B. Nature and nurture in brain developments leads to progressive language development. Research shows that Infants process verbal stimuli before learning.

VIII. Conclusion

A. Nurture and nature both play a role in language development. As such, there is no dismissing nurture with respect to influencing a child to speak well. The moment the world accepts this as a reality, the better it will be for the young ones who are developing.

B. Parents play the biggest role in nurture i.e. to help children develop their language; teachers come second in playing this role. Children’s peers also help them develop language.

C. For that matter parents should be aware of their nurturing role and pronounce words correctly when they speak near children; they should not mimic the gibberish spoken by children.

References

Fox, J. E., & Schirrmacher, R. (2014). Art and creative development for young children. Cengage\

Learning.

Friedmann, N., & Rusou, D. (2015). Critical period for first language: the crucial role of language

input during the first year of life. Current opinion in neurobiology, 35, 27-34.

Weisz, J. R., Jensen, A. L., & McLeod, B. D. (2005). Development and Dissemination of Child

and Adolescent Psychotherapies: Milestones, Methods, and a New Deployment-Focused Model.

 

Feedback from instructor please read and use advice when doing assignment

Good work Paula, right now the paper is missing the nature theory and then after the two theories have been applied to the topic don’t forget to make an evidence based conclusion about which theory best explains the topic.

Final Project: Cognitive Development Theories and Social Change

For your Final Project in this course, you will complete a brief literature review on a specific topic within language or cognitive development. A literature review is a synthesis of the research within a field. It can be used to identify themes, evaluate the application of theories, and even create a basis for future independent research later in your program or career. Because language and cognitive development are broad areas within developmental psychology, the topic you have selected for your literature review should be sufficiently specific that you are not overwhelmed by the amount of research on your topic. Nor, however, should your topic be so narrow as to yield insufficient research results. Your Instructor should have approved your topic and provided feedback on your Final Project outline already. Use this final week of the course to finish editing your project and ensuring that you have used proper APA style and formatting.

To Prepare:

  • Select a topic from the literature on language or cognitive development.
  • Choose two theories of language or cognitive development to apply to your selected topic, one from each of the following categories:
    • Nature (biological perspective)
    • Nurture (environmental perspective)

The Assignment (8–10 pages):

Submit an 8- to 10-page paper in which you do the following:

  • Briefly introduce the topic you have selected.
  • Provide a comparison of how each of the two theories you selected explains or characterizes your topic.
  • Explain which theory you think best accounts for the topic/phenomena and why.
  • Support your argument with at least six to eight references to the literature. Use proper APA format and citations.

���